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991.
992.
This paper describes the methods used to evaluate the potential for achieving sustainable energy development in six Chinese villages included in the Sustainable Users' Concepts for China Engaging Scientific Scenarios (SUCCESS) Project by examining energy efficiency potential and local renewable energy prospects. The approaches needed to obtain and analyse information on possible energy efficiency measures and renewable energy resources are summarised. Results are presented in terms of cumulative net savings in primary energy consumption, as an indicator of energy resource depletion, and associated carbon dioxide emissions, as an indicator of global climate change. Options for sustainable energy development are ranked in order of likely implementation and practical actions which could be considered in each village are identified. 相似文献
993.
994.
Nicolas Berguerand Anders Lyngfelt 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2008,2(2):169-179
Tests were made in a 10 kWth chemical-looping combustor with a petroleum coke as the solid fuel and the oxygen carrier ilmenite, an iron titanium oxide. The fuel reactor is fluidized by steam and the oxygen carrier reacts with the volatiles released as well as the gasification intermediates CO and H2. A constant fuel flow corresponding to a thermal power of 5.8 kW was introduced into the fuel reactor and a total of 11 h of operation was reached. The effects of particle circulation and carbon stripper operation on solid fuel conversion, conversion of gas from the fuel reactor and CO2 capture were investigated. The actual CO2 capture ranged between 60% and 75% while the solid fuel conversion was in the range of 66–78%. The low values of solid fuel conversion reflect loss of char due to low efficiency of the fuel reactor cyclone. The incomplete conversion of the gas from the fuel reactor is expressed as oxygen demand. The oxygen demand corresponds to the fraction of oxygen lacking to achieve full gas conversion and was typically 25%, due to presence of CH4, CO and H2 from the fuel reactor. Typical ratios of CH4, CO and H2 over the total gaseous carbon from the fuel reactor are respectively 5, 10 and 25%. Low loss of non-combustible fines from the system indicates very low attrition of the oxygen carrier. 相似文献
995.
To sufficiently utilize chemically active species and enhance the degradation rate and removal efficiency of toxic and biorefractory organic pollutant para-chlorophenol (para-CP), the introductions of iron metal ions (Fe2+/Fe3+) into either pulsed discharge plasma (PDP) process or the PDP process with TiO2 photo-catalyst were tentatively performed. The experimental results showed that under the same experimental condition, the degradation rate and removal efficiency of para-CP were greatly enhanced by the introduction of iron ions (Fe2+/Fe3+) into the PDP process. Moreover, when iron ions and TiO2 were added together in the PDP process, the degradation rate and removal energy of para-CP further improved. The possible mechanism was discussed that the obvious promoting effects were attributed to ferrous ions via plasma induced Fenton-like reactions by UV light irradiation excited and hydrogen peroxide formed in pulsed electrical discharge, resulting in a larger amount of hydroxyl radicals produced from the residual hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the regeneration of ferric ions to ferrous ions facilitates the progress of plasma induced Fenton-like reactions by photo-catalytic reduction of UV light, photo-catalytic reduction on TiO2 surface and electron transfer of quinone intermediates, i.e. 1,4-hydroquinone and 1,4-benzoquinone. 相似文献
996.
Stomatal characteristics and infection biology of Pyrenopeziza betulicola in Betula pendula trees grown under elevated CO2 and O3 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Riikonen J Syrjälä L Tulva I Mänd P Oksanen E Poteri M Vapaavuori E 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):536-543
Two silver birch clones were exposed to ambient and elevated concentrations of CO2 and O3, and their combination for 3 years, using open-top chambers. We evaluated the effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on stomatal conductance (gs), density (SD) and index (SI), length of the guard cells, and epidermal cell size and number, with respect to crown position and leaf type. The relationship between the infection biology of the fungus (Pyrenopeziza betulicola) causing leaf spot disease and stomatal characteristics was also studied. Leaf type was an important determinant of O3 response in silver birch, while crown position and clone played only a minor role. Elevated CO2 reduced the gs, but had otherwise no significant effect on the parameters studied. No significant interactions between elevated CO2 and O3 were found. The infection biology of P. betulicola was not correlated with SD or gs, but it did occasionally correlate positively with the length of the guard cells. 相似文献
997.
Hauck M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(3):731-735
The effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II (Phi2) was shown to be reduced in the terricolous lichens Cetraria aculeata and Cetraria islandica by short-term exposure to aqueous SO2 at pH values occurring in the precipitation of areas with high SO2 pollution. Significant reduction of Phi2 was found at pH相似文献
998.
999.
用混合二元酸制备混合酸二甲酯 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以工业副产物混合二元酸(DBA)和甲醇为原料,用自制PW12/SiO2作催化剂制备混合酸二甲酯(DME),确定了最佳制备条件:甲醇与DBA摩尔比为3.5,PW12/SiO2加入量(PW12/SiO2中PW12占DBA的质量分数)为2%,反应时间为4.5h,100gDBA中甲苯加入量为50mL。在此最佳条件下,DME收率为84.7%,所得DME为无色澄清液体,其中丁二酸二甲酯的质量分数为11.03%,戊二酸二甲酯的质量分数为13.88%,己二酸二甲酯的质量分数为73.79%。PW12/SiO2具有较好的稳定性和一定的重复使用性,PW12/SiO2重复使用5次时的DME收率仍大于70%。 相似文献
1000.