镉、汞、铅和石油烃复合污染对渤海湾常见渔业资源生物的影响初探(Effects of the Combined Pollution of Cd, Hg, Pb and Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Common Fishery Species in the Bohai Bay)

通过对1996～2005年渤海湾近岸海域海水镉、汞、铅和石油烃浓度变化的分析,发现海水中镉浓度呈明显上升趋势,汞、铅和石油烃则无明显变化趋势.加速生命试验法模型(Accelerated Life Testing model)的研究显示,1996～2005年渤海湾近岸海域海水镉、汞和铅平均浓度均已超过其对渤海湾常见渔业资源生物的安全浓度.镉、汞、铅和石油烃对生物的长期致死率鱼类分别为4.5%、16.3%、0.0%和12.0%,甲壳类为0.4%、7.9%、0.3%和6.6%,双壳类为10.5%、0.2%、0.2%和2.3%.效应加和模型(Independence Action model)的估算表明,在镉、汞、铅和石油烃组成的复合污染条件下,渤海湾常见鱼类、甲壳类和双壳类的长期死亡率分别为29.7%、14.6%和12.9%,其种群增长率分别降低约6.4%、14.6%和12.9%.与镉、汞、铅和石油烃单种污染物暴露相比,其复合污染导致的渤海湾常见渔业资源生物种群(鱼类、甲壳类和双壳类)增长率的降低更明显.因此,复合污染是导致渤海湾渔业资源衰退的重要因素。     

Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards

Achieving and maintaining the water quality conditions necessary to protect the aquatic living resources of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries has required a foundation of quantifiable water quality criteria. Quantitative criteria serve as a critical basis for assessing the attainment of designated uses and measuring progress toward meeting water quality goals of the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership. In 1987, the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership committed to defining the water quality conditions necessary to protect aquatic living resources. Under section 303(c) of the Clean Water Act, States and authorized tribes have the primary responsibility for adopting water quality standards into law or regulation. The Chesapeake Bay Program partnership worked with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop and publish a guidance framework of ambient water quality criteria with designated uses and assessment procedures for dissolved oxygen, water clarity, and chlorophyll a for Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries in 2003. This article reviews the derivation of the water quality criteria, criteria assessment protocols, designated use boundaries, and their refinements published in six addendum documents since 2003 and successfully adopted into each jurisdiction's water quality standards used in developing the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load.     

Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China

The concentrations of eight heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As） in the intertidal surface sediments from Quanzhou Bay were determined to evaluate their levels and spatial distribution due to urbanization and economic development of Quanzhou region, southeast China. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the sediments are as follows： 24.8-119.7 mg/kg for Cu, 105.5-241.9 mg/kg for Zn, 34.3-100. 9 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28-0. 89 mg/kg for Cd, 51.1-121.7 mg/kg for Cr, 16.1-45.7 mg/kg for Ni, 0.17-0.74 mg/kg for Hg, and 17.7-30.2 mg/kg for As. The overall average concentrations of above metals exceed the primary standard criteria but meet the secondary standard criteria of the Chinese National Standard of Marine Sediment Quality. Several contents of Cu and Hg exceed the secondary standard criteria at some stations. The results of geoaccumulation index （Igeo） show that Cd causes strong pollution in most of the study area. There are no significant correlations among most of these heavy metals, indicating they have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Some locations present severe pollution by heavy metals depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets, aquatic breeding, and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area.     

Biotesting of water from Peter the Great Bay,Sea of Japan,using the microalga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dunaliella salina</Emphasis>

Water samples from zones with different levels of anthropogenic pollution in Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan, were subjected to biotesting on the microalga Dunaliella salina. A distinct inhibitory effect on microalgal cultures was revealed in tests of water from Amur Bay. Water samples from stations in the Tumannaya River mouth and off Frugelm Island (in the southwestern part of Peter the Great Bay) and from Gaidamak Bight (Vostok Bay) had little effect on D. salina growth.     

Current state and long-term changes of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crenomytilus grayanus</Emphasis> community in Vostok Bay,Sea of Japan

The composition and structure of the Gray mussel (Crenomytilus grayanus) community in Vostok Bay of the Sea of Japan have been studied. A total of 165 species have been identified in the macrobenthos. Its species composition has changed insignificantly since the 1970s. The total biomass of the biocenosis has decreased, and the size-age composition of the C. grayanus population has changed due to poaching. The trophic structure of the community has also changed, with the Shannon indices of species diversity and equitability (E) becoming lower, due to intensive organic pollution of Vostok Bay resulting from increasing recreational activities and sewage discharge.     

全氟烷基物质在胶州湾海水、沉积物及生物中污染特征

为探明胶州湾全氟烷基物质(perfluorinated alkyl substances,PFASs)的污染水平及特征,本研究于2018年4月在胶州湾近岸海域采集了海水、沉积物及菲律宾蛤仔样品,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定35种PFASs的含量.结果表明,海水中检出12种PFASs,PFASs总质量浓度(ΣPFASs)范围为21. 1～38. 0 ng·L-1,沉积物中检出10种PFASs,ΣPFASs含量(以干重计)范围为0. 459～1. 20μg·kg-1,菲律宾蛤仔中检出19种PFASs,ΣPFASs含量(以干重计)范围为15. 5～27. 5μg·kg-1;与国内外报道的其他地区相比,胶州湾ΣPFASs污染处于中等或偏高水平.全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)是胶州湾PFASs的首要污染因子,6∶2全氟辛烷二磷酸酯(6∶2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester,6∶2 di PAP)是海水及沉积物中检出的主要前驱物,全氟辛烷磺酰胺(perfluorooctanesulfonamide,PFOSA)是菲律宾蛤仔中检出的主要前驱物.此外,PFASs的沉积物-海水分配系数(Kd)、有机碳归一化分配系数(KOC)及生物累积因子(bioaccumulation factors,BAF)随碳链的增加而增加,而生物-沉积物累积因子(bioaccumulation factors between organism and sediment,BSAF)随碳链(C8～C13)的增加呈现下降趋势.     

Calculating ecological carrying capacity of shellfish aquaculture using mass-balance modeling: Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

Increasing growth in the aquaculture industry demands ecosystem-based techniques for management if that growth is to be ecologically sustainable and promote equity among users of the ecosystems in which it occurs. Models of carrying capacity can be used to responsibly limit the growth of aquaculture in increasingly crowded coastal areas. Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA is one such crowded coastal region experiencing a rapid increase in bivalve aquaculture. An ecosystem mass-balance model was used to calculate the ecological carrying capacity of bivalve aquaculture. Cultured oyster biomass is currently at 0.47 t km⁻² and could be increased 625 times without exceeding the ecological carrying capacity of 297 t km⁻². This translates to approximately 38,950 t of harvested cultured oysters annually which is 4 times the total estimated annual harvest of finfish. This potential for growth is due to the high primary productivity and large energy throughput to detritus of this ecosystem. Shellfish aquaculture has potential for continued growth and is unlikely to become food limited due, in part, to the large detritus pool.     

黄渤海表层沉积物中正构烷烃和甾醇的分布及来源研究

在黄海、渤海湾和莱州湾采集64个表层沉积物样品,分析正构烷烃（C15～C33）和甾醇（菜子甾醇、菜油甾醇、谷甾醇和豆甾醇）的质量分数和分子组合特征,探讨其来源,比较物质来源的空间差异。结果表明：（1）黄海表层沉积物中类脂生物标志物主要呈现陆源和海源共同影响的特征,其中北黄海以陆源输入为主,高碳数正构烷烃（〉C24）具有明显的奇碳优势,陆源高等植物的贡献较大;南黄海陆源输入与海洋自身贡献相当;渤海湾与莱州湾接受来自河流的大量陆源物质;（2）来源于陆源高等植物的甾醇（包括菜油甾醇、谷甾醇和豆甾醇）在黄海表层沉积物中的质量分数远小于渤海湾和莱州湾,但指示硅藻来源的菜子甾醇在整个研究区域均具有较高的质量分数。     

粤港澳大湾区污染场地土壤风险管控制度体系建设与思考

防范污染场地环境风险和保障人居环境安全是粤港澳大湾区建设世界级城市群面临的重要挑战和工作内容之一.由于粤港澳在政治制度和土地管理等方面的差异,以及珠三角9市内部城市化水平、产业结构以及环境管理能力的差别,大湾区各地污染场地风险管控模式有明显的差异,分析粤港澳大湾区典型城市污染场地风险管控特点,对加强污染场地风险管控技术交流与合作,优化大湾区污染场地风险管控制度具有重要意义.本文在简述我国污染场地风险管控制度体系的基础上,重点介绍了广州、深圳、东莞、香港和澳门的污染场地风险管控制度体系、监管对象、污染评估与整治程序等的特点,对其风险管控制度体系进行了分析与对比,并针对土地规划、政策反馈、信息公开及联盟机制探索等提出了思考与建议.总体来看,香港及珠三角部分地市构建了行之有效的污染场地风险管控制度体系,且体现了一定的地方特点,但随着污染场地的进一步开发再利用,打造粤港澳大湾区世界级城市群的建设目标将对污染场地风险管控策略的安全性、精细化和时效性等提出更高的要求,互相借鉴和充分学习,加强大湾区2区9市污染场地风险管控上的技术交流与合作,是实现大湾区污染场地安全再利用与高效开发的有效路径.     

厦门湾海滩微塑料污染特征

以厦门湾6个典型海滩为工作区,分析海滩微塑料的污染特征.结果表明:①厦门湾6个海滩的微塑料丰度数据范围介于(28. 1±9. 4)～(312. 7±35. 2) n·kg~(-1)之间.②厦门湾海滩微塑料分为碎片类、发泡类、薄膜类和纤维类等4种类型.各站位点均以碎片类和发泡类为主,占总数量的80%左右,薄膜类和纤维类所占比例较少.③厦门湾海滩粒径1 mm的微塑料占最大比例,超过60%.粒径为1～3 mm和3～5 mm的微塑料所占比例较小.④通过红外光谱分析,确认厦门湾海滩微塑料碎片类和纤维类的主要成分是聚乙烯,发泡类和薄膜类的主要成分是聚苯乙烯.⑤通过扫描电镜观测,大部分微塑料表面粗糙、凹凸不平,带有明显裂痕.整体而言,厦门湾海滩微塑料污染处于中等偏下的程度,陆源污染是厦门湾海滩微塑料污染的最主要来源.