Heterotrophic Nano- and Microplankton under Conditions of Anthropogenic Eutrophication of the Bay of Novorossiisk

Seasonal and long-term dynamics of heterotrophic plankton in the Bay of Novorossiisk are discussed. It is shown that specific variation in the biomass of nanoheterotrophs and infusoria is associated with the processes of anthropogenic water eutrophication. The biomass of infusoria has increased ten times and that of zooflagellates two times since 1985–1986. Infusoria of the genera Strombidium, Strobilidium, and Mesodiniumare dominant in the protozoan plankton. The annual average level of Oligotrichadevelopment in the bay is characteristic of eutrophic water bodies (112–417 mg/m³); in the spring–summer season, however, it may increase to 500–1034 mg/m³. In the part of the bay near the port, which is exposed to a strong anthropogenic impact, the biomass of ciliate protozoa can reach 2 g/m³.     

杭州湾南岸滨海平原土地利用/覆被空间格局变化分析

杭州湾南岸滨海平原位于沪、杭、甬经济金三角的中心地带,是我国沿海经济最发达的地区之一。研究其土地利用/覆被空间格局变化对合理利用土地资源,促进沿海地区的可持续发展具有重要意义。利用1987年和2000年2个时期的TM影像,分析了杭州湾南岸滨海平原土地利用/覆被数量及空间格局变化特征。结果表明,杭州湾南岸滨海平原建设用地、水体和养殖用地呈现明显的增长趋势,水田、旱地、滩地、林地和盐田呈减少趋势。受自然和人类活动的共同影响,土地利用/覆被类型斑块平均面积由0.245 km2降至0.173 km2,斑块密度则由4.081个/km2提高到5.781个/km2,斑块数量增加了42%。由于斑块的破碎化,大部分土地利用/覆被类型的边界密度、形态指数、分维数和斑块密度都有不同程度的增加。城市化和非农化的发展使得建设用地格局指数变化表现出一定的特殊性。     

青岛近海PCDD/Fs的沉积通量、毒性当量及来源

用高分辨率气相色谱-质谱方法对青岛胶州湾内外表层沉积物、柱状岩心及贻贝样品中的17种毒性多氯代二苯并二 /呋喃(PCDD/Fs)进行了分析和讨论.表层沉积物的SP_4-8CDD/Fs含量范围在11.6～369pg/g dw,主要以P_4-8CDFs为主.S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs含量范围4.1～232.4pg/g dw.在环流作用下沉积物中形成了明显的东-西分布格局.除河口处外,PCDD/F同系物分布基本上相同,即低氯代PCDD/Fs占主导.SP_4-8CDD/Fs沉积通量从1951年起逐渐增大,STEQ沉积通量从1980年显著增大.青岛近海PCDD/Fs的来源相对恒定,推测为城市污水污泥和大气沉降.贝肉中S2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs为2.9～5.1pg/g dw. TEQ的主要来源为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF(35%)、2,3,7,8-TCDF(30%)、2,3,7,8,-TCDD(30%).     

胶州湾污染物COD的三维扩散与输运研究

笔者较系统地对环胶州湾工业污染源、生活污染源和海水养殖污染源进行收集和分析,给出影响胶州湾海域环境的主要污染源强的大小及分布;在三维潮流模拟的基础上,建立了一个三维保守污染物COD输运的对流扩散数值模型;模拟所得的COD污染物分布结果与胶州湾的实际监测资料符合良好。      

大连湾海域营养盐时空分布、结构特征及其生态响应

基于2012年夏秋季大连湾海水中溶解态和不同粒级颗粒物中氮、磷、硅、叶绿素a的调查资料,对大连湾海水不同粒级颗粒物中营养盐和叶绿素a的时空分布特征进行了分析,对不同粒级浮游植物的营养要素组成及营养盐结构特征进行了探讨.结果表明,大连湾海水中溶解态营养盐、叶绿素a高值区主要出现在臭水套和甜水套湾附近海域,并由湾内向湾外递减,各粒级颗粒物中营养盐分布趋势存在着不一致性,但高值区易出现在西北部海域; 除无机氮外,海水中营养盐总体表现出秋季高于夏季,各粒级叶绿素a浓度表现为夏季高于秋季;磷是大连湾海水中浮游植物生长的限制元素,硅是不同粒级浮游植物营养盐的限制要素;微微型浮游植物对现有的营养结构更具适应性.     

海州湾海洋牧场海域表层沉积物磷的形态与环境意义

采用沉积物无机磷分级方法结合上覆水初级生产力测定研究了海州湾海洋牧场海域表层沉积物磷的赋存形态及其生物有效性.结果表明:夏季总磷的含量高于春、秋两季,赋存形态以无机磷为主,平均占总磷的45.50%,各无机磷赋存形态的含量大小依次为:残渣态磷钙结合态磷铁铝结合态磷可交换态磷.其中可交换态磷、铁铝结合态磷以及钙结合态磷与有机碳含量成显著正相关(P0.01,R0.8).平面分布整体上呈现由近岸向远岸减小的趋势,这主要与陆源物质排放及沉积物自身质地有关.沉积物中的生物有效磷含量占总磷的36.95%,所占比例较大.     

辽东湾网采浮游植物粒级结构的胁迫响应

基于2012~2014年春、夏、秋、冬季辽东湾网采浮游植物及环境因子的调查资料,对辽东湾南、北2个区域的浮游植物粒级结构分布规律及其环境胁迫响应进行了分析,并评估了浮游植物群落结构的稳定性.结果表明,辽东湾海域浮游植物春、夏、秋季丰度主要集中在小粒径范围,冬季主要集中在中粒径范围;生物量春、夏、秋季主要集中在中粒径范围,冬季主要集中在大粒径范围,南部区域浮游植物粒径整体上大于北部区域.寡营养水域以及较低的水温环境更适于大粒径浮游植物生存.春、秋、冬季浮游植物群落结构比较稳定,但夏季偏离平衡点.南部区域群落结构整体上比北部区域稳定,网采中、大粒径组的W统计量可以作为浮游植物群落结构稳定性的评估指标.     

底栖生物完整性指数的构建及生物基准的确定

基于2009～2013年7个航次渤海湾天津段的大型底栖动物和水质、沉积物环境数据,结合国内外已有的研究结果,首次尝试采用AZTI海洋生物指数以及水质和沉积物质量确定参考点,同时采取标准化方法筛选生物指标,确定各指标的阈值分级标准,从而构建出生物完整性指数.取参考点生物完整性指数值的90%分位数作为基准值,得出该海域生物基准值为5.适用性验证结果表明,生物完整性指数能够较好地指示研究区受干扰的生态质量状况,较为敏感地响应营养盐及重金属压力,也适用于评价该区域的底栖生态质量状况.因此,采用生物完整性指数法来确定生物基准是合理可行的.     

疏浚对大连湾生物可利用磷的水体浓度和沉积物-水界面交换通量的影响

利用FeO/CAM复合膜对大连湾已疏浚区与疏浚影响区海水水体中生物可利用磷(Bio-available phosphorus,BAP)浓度和水质指标进行调查,并通过实验室培养法、间隙水浓度梯度估算法和薄膜扩散梯度技术(Diffusivegradients in thin films technique,DGT)法分别测定沉积物-水界面间BAP交换通量.结果表明,由于受到调查海区附近正在进行的疏浚工程的影响,疏浚影响区水体中浊度和悬浮物含量平均值高于已疏浚区,且疏浚影响区水体中BAP的平均浓度(22.2μg L-1)高于已疏浚水体(19.5μg L-1);而疏浚影响区叶绿素a和溶解氧的浓度明显低于已疏浚区.沉积物-水界面间BAP交换通量研究结果显示,BAP主要由沉积物向上覆水中扩散,沉积物是BAP交换的源;间隙水浓度梯度估算法和DGT法测定的BAP交换通量相似,但远低于实验室培养法测定值;BAP在已疏浚区沉积物-水界面间的交换通量小于疏浚影响区,说明在一定时间内疏浚可以减弱沉积物内源磷的释放.     

Restoring coastal wetlands that were ditched for mosquito control: A preliminary assessment of hydro-leveling as a restoration technique

The wetlands surrounding Tampa Bay, Florida were extensively ditched for mosquito control in the 1950s. Spoil from ditch construction was placed adjacent to the wetlands ditches creating mound-like features (spoil-mounds). These mounds represent a loss of 14% of the wetland area in Tampa Bay. Spoil mounds interfere with tidal flow and are locations for non-native plants to colonize (e.g., Schinus terebinthifolius). Removal of the spoil mounds to eliminate exotic plants, restore native vegetation, and re-establish natural hydrology is a restoration priority for environmental managers. Hydro-leveling, a new technique, was tested in a mangrove forest restoration project in 2004. Hydro-leveling uses a high pressure stream of water to wash sediment from the spoil mound into the adjacent wetland and ditch. To assess the effectiveness of this technique, we conducted vegetation surveys in areas that were hydro-leveled and in non-hydro-leveled areas 3 years post-project. Adult Schinus were reduced but not eliminated from hydro-leveled mounds. Schinus seedlings however were absent from hydro-leveled sites. Colonization by native species was sparse. Mangrove seedlings were essentially absent (≈2 m⁻²) from the centers of hydro-leveled mounds and were in low density on their edges (17 m⁻²) in comparison to surrounding mangrove forests (105 m⁻²). Hydro-leveling resulted in mortality of mangroves adjacent to the mounds being leveled. This was probably caused by burial of pneumatophores during the hydro-leveling process. For hydro-leveling to be a useful and successful restoration technique several requirements must be met. Spoil mounds must be lowered to the level of the surrounding wetlands. Spoil must be distributed further into the adjacent wetland to prevent burial of nearby native vegetation. Finally, native species may need to be planted on hydro-leveled areas to speed up the re-vegetation process.