庵里水库湿地生态健康的生物学评价

近三、四十年来,庵里水库湿地受人类活动影响,健康状况退化严重,危及流域内社会经济的协调发展。通过背景资料收集、野外采样、实验室鉴定与分析,主要利用生物学指标数据的95th百分位标准化指标数据,用简单加和法计算综合指数,根据流域内生态健康等级评价庵里水库湿地生态健康状况。结果表明:(1)庵里水库湿地生态健康状况一般;(2)不同种类的底栖大型无脊椎动物对环境的适应能力、耐受力和敏感程度不同,底栖大型无脊椎动物的结构、种类、数量能够客观地反映栖息地健康;(3)利用样点数据百分位进行指数标准化和生态健康级别划分,能够体现评价标准的区域性特征;(4)限于条件,底栖大型无脊椎动物分类鉴定粗略,进一步降低底栖动物的分类单元是提高生态健康评价准确性的重要措施之一。研究结果可为庵里水库的生态研究、综合管理提供科学依据。     

漓江大型底栖动物群落时空分布及水质生物评价

于2012年1月(枯水期)和8月(丰水期)在漓江上游甘棠江段、中游大圩江段和下游福利江段采集到大型底栖动物样品共374个,采用均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分析了漓江大型底栖动物的多样性.结果表明,漓江水系大型底栖动物群落结构的时空分布差异显著,枯水期采集到42个分类单元、8632个底栖动物,物种数和个体数均少于丰水期采集到的46个分类单元、10842个底栖动物,但枯水期主要河段的物种多样性比丰水期要好.漓江中、下游大型底栖动物的功能摄食类群均以刮食者为主,表明中、下游生态系统的初级生产力属性要高于上游.采用BI指数(Biotic Index)对漓江各江段进行水质生物评价,结果显示,漓江水系枯水期的水生态质量要优于丰水期;上游和下游水生态质量相对较好,中游水生态质量较差.因此,建议在丰水期加强漓江中游大圩段的环境保护力度,提高漓江整体水生态质量.     

Electrofishing in boatable rivers: Does sampling design affect bioassessment metrics?

Data were collected from 60 boatable sites using an electrofishing design that permitted comparisons of the effects of designs and distances on fish assemblage metrics. Sites were classified a priori as Run-of-the-River (ROR) or Restricted Flow (RF). Data representing four different design options (i.e., 1000 and 2000 m for both single and paired banks) were extracted from the dataset and analyzed. Friedman tests comparing metric values among the designs detected significant differences for all richness metrics at both types of sites and for catch per unit effort and percent tolerant species at ROR sites. Richness metrics were generally higher for the two 2000-m designs than for the two 1000-m designs. When plotted against cumulative electrofishing distance, the percent change in metrics declined sharply within approximately 1000 m, after which metrics usually varied by less than 10%. These data demonstrate that designs electrofishing 1000 m of shoreline are sufficient for bioassessments on boatable rivers similar to those in this study, regardless of whether the shoreline is along a single bank or distributed equally among paired banks. However, at sites with depths greater than 4 m, it may be advisable to employ nighttime electrofishing or increase day electrofishing designs to 2000 m.The U.S. Governments right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Bioassessment in A Harsh Environment: A Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Assemblages at Reference and Assessment Sites in An Australian Inland River System

The Lachlan River system of inland New South Wales, which extends into semi-arid areas, is prone to natural extremes of climate and water quality and has been almost entirely modified since European settlement in Australia. We used this system as a proving ground for the mainly qualitative bioassessment metrics for river macroinvertebrates that are used widely in Australia – the EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) index, the SIGNAL (Stream Invertebrate Grade Number Average Level) biotic index and the AUSRIVAS O/E (Australian River Assessment System Observed over Expected) index – plus a recently developed qualitative index, the observed proportion of potential taxa (OPP). We tested these metrics on their ability to discriminate between sites judged to be less disturbed by human activities (reference sites) and sites selected by a semi-random process and therefore expected to have a higher average level of human disturbance (assessment sites). All metrics except the AUSRIVAS O/E index differed significantly between the two types of sites at higher altitudes, with SIGNAL showing the greatest discrimination. Assessment at these altitudes was more effective if based on composite data from multiple mesohabitats rather than data from single mesohabitats. No metric differentiated the two types of sites in the more arid, lowland, floodplain region of the river system. We suggest that Australia relies too heavily on bioassessment concepts developed to assess water pollution in well-watered regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Effective assessment of human impacts on macroinvertebrates in the rivers of inland Australia requires a better understanding of the roles of flow regimes, including flood and drought sequences, and of microhabitat structure and invasive alien species. Quantitative approaches may also be required.     

Testing Bioassessment Metrics: Macroinvertebrate, Sculpin, and Salmonid Responses to Stream Habitat, Sediment, and Metals

The purpose of this article is to report on the testing of responses of multimetric macroinvertebrate and habitat indices to common disturbances to streams: stream habitat alteration, excessive sediment, and elevated metals concentrations. Seven macroinvertebrate community metrics were combined into a macroinvertebrate biotic index (MBI), and 11 channel morphology, riparian, and substrate features were combined into a habitat index. Indices were evaluated by comparing the habitat results to fish population surveys and comparing the macroinvertebrate results to habitat ratings, percent fine sediments measured by Wolman pebble counts, and copper concentrations. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing percentages of fine sediments measured either across the bankfull or instream channel widths. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing copper. One metric, richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa, was more responsive to both copper and sediment than was the multimetric MBI. Habitat scores corresponded well with the age class structure of salmonids, but not with that of benthic sculpins. Both salmonid and sculpin age classes declined with increasing percentages of fine sediments. The decline was graded with the sculpin age classes, whether fine sediments were measured across the instream or bankfull channel, whereas salmonids consistently responded only to the instream fine sediments.     

不同大型底栖动物快速生物评价指数对河流水质指示比较

大型底栖动物是河流健康评价中最常用的生物类群,鉴于在大区域/流域进行大量生物样品采集与生物评价时需要消耗大量的野外调查时间、实验室内鉴定时间等时间成本的问题,基于浑太河流域98个采样点的大型底栖动物数据(如物种、丰度、敏感值等)和环境因子〔ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(TN)、EC(电导率)等〕,选择比较常用的5种大型底栖动物快速生物评价指数〔SIGNAL指数(stream invertebrate grade number-average level)、EPT-Fa指数(Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera)、BMWP指数(biological monitoring working party)、ASPT指数(average score per taxon)和BP指数(Berger-Parker index)〕和1项生物完整性指数(benthic index of biotic integrity,B-IBI)进行比较. 通过Spearman秩相关性分析、主成分分析、线性拟合回归分析等方法比较6种生物评价指数的相关性,构建水环境污染梯度,识别出主要的水环境影响因子,并探讨5种大型底栖动物快速生物评价指数对主要水环境影响因子指示程度的差异性. 结果表明:①5种快速生物评价指数以及B-IBI指数之间均呈两两显著相关(|R|为0.35~0.94, P<0.01),说明它们在评估河流健康状况时具有较高的一致性. ②主成分分析结果显示,轴1的解释率为59.14%,可以有效表征主要的压力梯度,并且5种快速生物评价指数与轴1的线性拟合度均较高(R2为0.23~0.31, P<0.01). ③各快速生物评价指数与不同水质指标的线性拟合结果差异性较高,其中BMWP、EPT-Fa、SIGNAL和ASPT指数对ρ(COD_Mn)的线性拟合度均较高,BMWP指数对ρ(COD_Mn) (R2=0.47, P＜0.01)、ρ(NH₃-N) (R2=0.31, P＜0.01)、ρ(TN) (R2=0.27, P＜0.01)的线性拟合度较高,BP指数对ρ(BOD₅) (R2=0.22, P＜0.01)、EC (R2=0.24, P＜0.01)的线性拟合度较高. ④BMWP指数与B-IBI指数的相关性最为显著,并且二者对水质健康评价的结果最为接近;在浑太河流域河流水质状况评估中,BMWP指数应当作为首选快速生物评价指数.      

调水后东平湖浮游植物群落结构及水质生物评价

东平湖是南水北调东线工程的重要调蓄湖泊,在防洪、灌溉、休闲旅游、水产养殖及水资源供应等方面发挥着至关重要的作用.为了解南水北调东线调水后的东平湖浮游植物群落结构及水体健康状态,于2016年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)及2017年1月(冬季)对东平湖不同空间区域(根据调水路线划分为进水区、湖中区和出水区)的...     

The Ecotoxicological Recovery of Ely Creek and Tributaries (Lee County, Va) After Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage

The Ely Creek watershed (Lee County, VA) was determined in 1995 to be the most negatively affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) within the Virginia coalfield. This determination led the US Army Corps of Engineers to design and build passive wetland remediation systems at two major AMD seeps affecting Ely Creek. This study was undertaken to determine if ecological recovery had occurred in Ely Creek. The results indicate that remediation had a positive effect on all monitoring sites downstream of the remediated AMD seeps. At the site most impacted by AMD, mean pH was 2.93 prior to remediation and improved to 7.14 in 2004. Benthic macroinvertebrate surveys revealed that one AMD influenced site had increased taxa richness from zero taxa in 1997 to 24 in 2004. While in situ testing of Asian clams resulted in zero survival at five of seven AMD influenced sites prior to remediation, some clams survived at all sites after. Clam survival was found to be significantly less than upstream references at only two sites, both downstream of un-mitigated AMD seeps in 2004. An ecotoxicological rating (ETR) system that combined ten biotic and abiotic parameters was developed as an indicator of the ecological status for each study site. A comparison of ETRs from before and after remediation demonstrated that all sites downstream of the remediation had experienced some level of recovery. Although the remediation has improved the ecological health of Ely Creek, un-mitigated AMD discharges are still negatively impacting the watershed.     

黄盖湖水系河源区——皤河大型无脊椎动物群落与水质评价

2009年7月对黄盖湖水系河源区--皤河的大型无脊椎动物进行调查。共采集到无脊椎动物54种，隶属于4门6纲36科。其中水生昆虫45种，软体动物4种，甲壳动物2种，寡毛类、涡虫纲、蛛形纲各1种。无脊椎动物密度方面的优势类群主要为蜉蝣目稚虫和摇蚊幼虫。宽基蜉(Choroterpes sp.)、微动蜉(Cinygmula sp.)、四节蜉(Baetis sp.)和无突摇蚊 (Ablabesmyia sp.)是最优势的种类，其相对丰度分别占总丰度的4040%、838%、426%和419%。典范对应分析（CCA）显示，海拔和河宽是影响无脊椎动物群落分布的关键环境因子。采用Shannon Wiener指数和BI生物指数对各样点的水质状况进行了评价：二者结果具有一定差异，BI指数的评价结果更符合实际情况     

Applying a Large,Statewide Database to the Assessment,Stressor Diagnosis,and Restoration of Stream Fish Communities

In this report, predictions of the species that were expected to occur at stream sites were generated and probable stressors to fish species that were predicted to occur but were absent were diagnosed. Predictions were generated based on the hierarchical screening method of Smith and Powell (1971, Am. Mus. Novit. 2458, 1–30), using fish abundance in conjunction with 25 environmental variables at 895 sites. The sites were sampled throughout Maryland and represent the entire range of environmental quality from severely degraded to minimally degraded. Stressor variable values that exceeded tolerance thresholds for species that were expected to occur, but were absent, were considered to be probable stressors. This method was tested for efficacy in stream site assessments and stressor diagnosis using an independent data set. Sites that were classified as degraded according to the IBI and to non-biological criteria had fewer predicted species present compared to minimally influenced sites, indicating that the proportion of predicted species present accurately represents the biological integrity of a stream site. The nine stressors that were applied to the test data set accounted for species absences in 43.7% of degraded sites. Impervious land cover was the most common stressor identified. In addition to assessing stream biological integrity and identifying stressors to fish species, this approach also provides tolerance thresholds for predicted fish species that are useful endpoints necessary to plan effective restoration of fish species in Maryland.