饮用水中氯消毒副产物的污染与控制

介绍了饮用水氯消毒的现状,分析了氯消毒副产物的形成机理,简要论述了其控制方法,提出了今后研究工作的方向,这对进一步系统开发可有效控制饮用水氯化消毒副产物的经济高效的相关处理新技术具有参考价值.     

Laboratory-scale column study for remediation of TCE-contaminated aquifers using three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate barriers

A laboratory-scale study with a sand column was designed to simulate trichloroethylene(TCE) pollution in the aquifer environment with three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate(CRP) barriers.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of CRP barriers in remediation of TCE in aquifers in a long-term and controlled manner.CRP particles with a 1:3 molar ratio of KMnO 4 to stearic acid showed the best controlled-release properties in pure water,and the theoretical release time was 138.5 days.The results of TCE removal in the test column indicated that complete removal efficiency of TCE in a sand column by three-section CRP barriers could be reached within 15 days.The molar ratio of KMnO 4 to TCE in the three-section CRP barriers was 16:1,which was much lower than 82:1 as required when KMnO 4 solution is used directly to achieve complete destruction of TCE.This result revealed that the efficiency of CRP for remediation of TCE was highly improved after encapsulation.     

Rapid degradation of hexachlorobenzene by micron Ag/Fe bimetal particles

The feasibility of the rapid degradation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by micron-size silver (Ag)/iron (Fe) particles was investigated.Ag/Fe particles with different ratios (0,0.05%,0.09%,0.20%,and 0.45%) were prepared by electroless silver plating on 300 mesh Fe powder,and were used to degrade HCB at different pH values and temperatures.The dechlorination ability of Fe greatly increased with small Ag addition,whereas too much added Ag would cover the Fe surface and reduce the effective reaction surface,thereby decreasing the extent of dechlorination.The optimal Ag/Fe ratio was 0.09%.Tafel polarization curves showed that HCB was rapidly degraded at neutral or acidic pH,whereas low pH levels severely intensified H2 production,which consumed the reducing electrons needed for the HCB degradation.HCB degradation was more sensitive to temperature than pH.The rate constant of HCB dechlorination was 0.452 min-1 at 85℃,50 times higher than that at 31℃.HCB was degraded in a successive dechlorination pathway,yielding the main products 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene within 2 hr.     

活化过硫酸钠修复氯苯类污染场地的小试试验

氯苯类有机污染物由于其分子量大,不易挥发,分子结构中含有稳定的苯环,一般的修复技术对修复氯苯类污染场地难度较大。本文通过活化过硫酸钠氧化土壤中氯代有机类污染物的小试试验,确定活化过硫酸盐修复氯苯类有机污染场地的可行性,提出对后期中试和工程修复的结论和建议     

Monitoring gas- and particulate-phase short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in the urban air of Dalian by a self-developed passive sampler

The concentration of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) in the urban air of Dalian,China was monitored from September 2016 to August 2017 with a self-developed passive sampler(PAS1) and an active high-volume sampler, simultaneously. PAS1 successfully collected the entire target SCCPs in the ambient air. Air SCCPs sampled by PAS1 were found be in the linear uptake stage during 181 days of sampling. Passive and active samples showed comparable congener profiles, and the dominant contributors of SCCPs in the two kinds of samples were similar. A significant linear correlation was observed between the total concentration of SCCPs sampled by PAS1 and active sampler in the four seasons. The passive sampling rates of the PAS1 for the gas and particulate phases of SCCPs were measured. The quantitative structure–property relationship of the sampling rate of PAS1(Rair) for gas-phase SCCPs was studied. From the molecular point of view, Rairwas mainly affected by the molecular weight and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure of SCCPs. In general, SCCPs in the urban air of Dalian mainly existed in gas phase,lower molecular weight SCCPs primarily occurred in the gas phase, whereas higher molecular weight SCCPs were predominately adsorbed or absorbed on airborne particles. The air concentration of SCCPs in the four seasons were different, the correlation of the concentration of SCCPs in the air with the meteorology parameters was conducted. The exposure risk by intake air SCCPs of the residents around the sampling sites was evaluated according to the European risk assessment standards.     

基于分子结构的链烷烃辛烷值预测研究

基于定量结构-性质相关(QSPR)原理,研究化学物质的结构与性能之间的关系,应用遗传-偏最小二乘(GA -PLS)方法从大量结构参数中筛选出与链烷烃马达法辛烷值最相关的5个分子描述符,采用多元线性回归方法,建立了根据分子结构预测链烷烃马达法辛烷值的数学模型.结果表明,模型具有较高的稳定性以及预测能力.为工程上提供了一种...     

水中氯代酸性除草剂衍生气相色谱法主要要素探讨

建立了衍生气相色谱-负化学源质谱检测水中氯代酸性除草剂的方法,从四个方面对氯代酸性除草剂衍生气相色谱法中主要要素分析:针对不同需求选择确定萃取模式、萃取溶剂、酸度、浓缩方式等;对不同衍生方式进行比较,分析了辅助条件的必要性;针对衍生产物的不同选择离子源;标准物质的合理使用。     

Fe~0催化还原转化水中CCl_4的实验研究

通过在Fe0表面化学沉积Cu、Ag、Pd、Ni构建了Cu/Fe、Ag/Fe、Pd,Fe、Ni/Fe多种双金属催化还原体系.通过序批实验研究了水体中毒性污染物CCl在Fe0以及上述双金属催化Fe0体系中的还原脱氯.结果表明,CCl4在上述5种Fe0还原体系中都能发生快速还原脱氯反应,Cu、Ag、Pd等催化剂的加入能明显提高反应速率.还原脱氯反应服从准一级反应动力学方程,CCl4水溶液在Fe0、Cu/Fe、Ag/Fe、Pd/Fe、Ni/Fe 5种还原体系中的反应速率常数分别为0.039 3、0.092 5、0.158、0.049 6和0.053 3 min-1.使用GC/MS分析了CCl4在各种还原体系中的还原脱氯产物,探讨了水体中CCl4还原脱氯降解的反应途径和可能中间产物.CCL4在不同反应体系中不但反应速率不同而且降解产物也不相同,在Cu/Fe、Ag/Fe体系产物以三氯甲烷、二氯甲烷为主,而在Pd/Fe体系主要为甲烷.逐步氢解是CCl4在Fe0还原体系中发生还原脱氯反应的最主要途径.     

污水处理厂尾水中有机氯化物的活性炭吸附深度处理

考虑到经氯消毒的城市污水处理厂尾水中可能存在的副产物,选择广东省东莞市两个典型污水处理厂尾水为研究对象,采用GC-MS分析其中的有机氯化物,并以某种粉末活性炭进行吸附深度处理及考察其效果.分析结果表明,尾水中存在二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、二氯一溴甲烷、二澳一氯甲烷、二氯硝基甲烷等多种有机氯化物,其中,三氯甲烷和四氯化碳在所取样品中都存在且相对含量之和超过80%;吸附结果表明,所选择的活性炭样在1 g·L-1投加量下,尾水中未检出有机氯化物.说明适宜的活性炭能够应用于污水处理厂尾水中多种有机氯化物的分离去除.     

Rush-hour aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons in selected subway stations of Shanghai, China

Air samples were collected simultaneously at platform, mezzanine and outdoor in five typical stations of subway system in Shanghai, China using stainless steel canisters and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) after cryogenic preconcentration. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) at the platforms and mezzanines inside the stations averaged (10.3 ± 2.1), (38.7 ± 9.0), (19.4 ± 10.1) and (30.0 ± 11.1) μg/m³, respectively; while trichloroethylene (TrCE), tetrachloroethylene (TeCE) and para-dichlorobenzene (pDCB), vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride were the most abundant chlorinated hydrocarbons inside the stations with average levels of (3.6 ± 1.3), (1.3 ± 0.5), (4.1 ± 1.1), (2.2 ± 1.1) and (1.2 ± 0.3) μg/m³, respectively. Mean levels of major aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons were higher indoor (platforms and mezzanines) than outdoor with average indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios of 1.1-9.5, whereas no significant indoor/outdoor differences were found except for benzene and TrCE. The highly significant mutual correlations (p < 0.01) for BTEX between indoor and outdoor and their significant correlation (p < 0.05) with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a marker of traffic-related emission without other indoor and outdoor sources, indicated that BTEX were introduced into the subway stations from indoor/outdoor air exchange and traffic emission should be their dominant source. TrCE and pDCB were mainly from indoor emission and TeCE might have both indoor emission sources and contribution from outdoor air, especially in the mezzanines.