REGIONALIZATION OF STORM HYETOGRAPHS1

ABSTRACT: Regionalization of design storms can enhance their utility. Otherwise they have to be separately developed for different regions. Huff curves developed from point rainfall data collected at Coshocton, Ohio, and Chicago, Illinois, and from area-averaged Illinois and Texas precipitation data, are compared. The curves are similar in shape and position, with some visual differences depending on quartile. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests showed no significant differences in moat of the comparisons. Where significant differences existed, they may not represent real differences due to the small number of storms sampled. Consequently, regionalization of Huff curves from Ohio to Illinois to Texas may be appropriate. The comparison of Huff curves is affected to an unknown degree both by the effects of area averaging of data and by basis. of-development differences. The effects of observed differences in Huff curves on watershed response variables (e.g., peak flow) requires further study.     

呼吸性煤尘与尘肺的剂量-反应关系分析

分析6个煤矿3082名煤尘接尘工人,其中包括51名尘肺患者接尘资料,首先通过比例换算法,按总煤尘EIC/TWA为1.5、总煤尘TWA/呼吸性煤尘TWA为3.82,将总煤尘EIC转换为呼吸性煤尘TWA;再用寿命表法分析累计接尘量与尘肺发病的剂量-反应关系,得到回归方程logit=5.714lgd-18.902(r=0.939),采用区间估计法,得接尘30年尘肺累计发病率为1%时,呼吸性煤尘TWA为6.52mg/m3,对估算结果取1.2的安全系数,呼吸性煤尘接触浓度管理限值为5mg/m3。     

Statistical models of health risk due to microbial contamination of foods

Between 6 million and 33 million cases of food-related illness are estimated to occur in the United States each year, with about 5000 episodes resulting in death. Growing concerns about the safety of food prompted the National Food Safety Initiative of 1997, the goal of which is to reduce the incidence of illness caused by food-borne pathogens. A key component of the food safety initiative is the improvement of farm-to-table risk assessment capabilities, including the development of improved dose-response models for estimating risk. When sufficient data are available, allowable contamination levels of specific micro-organisms in food are established using dose-response models to predict risk at very low doses based on experimental data at much higher doses. This necessitates having reliable models for setting allowable exposures to food-borne pathogens. While only limited data on relatively few micro-organisms that occur in food are available at present for dose-response modeling and risk estimation, still none of the two-parameter models proposed so far, including the popular Beta-Poisson (BP) model, appears to be completely satisfactory for describing and fitting all of the present data (Holcomb et al., 1999). The Weibull–Gamma (WG) model is the only three-parameter model that has been proposed to date. In this paper, new competitive three-parameter models are derived, using a formulation that can be parameterized to represent statistical variation with respect to the dose of micro-organism received by the host and the hosts susceptibility to infection. Parameters of the models are estimated using the maximum likelihood method. Experimental data on several common microbial contaminants in food are used to illustrate the methodology.     

辽宁省近50年降水量的突变特征及变化趋势分析

首先采用Pettitt方法对辽宁省21个气象站1958年一2008年51年的降水量序列进行突变分析,结果显示54476和54486两测站的年降水量序列分别在1996年和1998年存在显著的突变且通过了显著性水平检验,其它测站的降水量序列均未检测出显著的突变年份。根据累积距平曲线分析辽宁省51年的年均降水量在时间尺度上大致分为三个阶段：1958年一1975年为降水量增加阶段,1975年一1996年为降水量稳定阶段,1996年一2008为降水量减少阶段。最后应用Morlet小波分析对辽宁省年均降水量进行周期分析,结果表明降水在大尺度时间上存在约24年的周期震荡,在小尺度时间上存在约9年的周期震荡。     

Evaluation of zeolite-sand mixtures as reactive materials protecting groundwater at waste disposal sites

To recognize properties of a mixture of Vistula sand (medium sand acc. to USCS) with Slovak zeolite as reactive materials suitable for permeable reactive barriers proposed for protection of groundwater environment in vicinity of old landfills comprehensive laboratory investigations were performed. The present study investigates the removal of contaminants specific for landfill leachates onto zeolite-sand mixtures containing 20%, 50% and 80% of zeolite (ZS20, ZS50 and ZS80). Taking into account the results of batch tests it was concluded that the Langmuir isotherm best fitted the data. It was observed that the presence of ammonium, calcium and magnesium decreases the removal efficiency of copper by 32%. Column tests of contaminant migration through the attenuation zone of the reactive materials were interpreted using the software package CXTFIT, which solves a one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Column test results also indicate the strong influence of the presence of interfering substances on copper immobilisation; dynamic sorption capacities decrees twofold. Throughout the landfill leachate flow through ZS80 sample, a constant reduction of NH+4 (at 100%), K+ (at 93%) and Fe total (at an average of 86%) were observed. There was no reduction in chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand.     

小柴旦湖表层沉积物粒度分布特征

柴达木盆地分布着的大量浅水盐湖,是重建过去全球变化的重要载体。盐湖沉积物粒度的测定及其解释对湖水动力学、地貌学和沉积学的研究具有十分重要的意义;粒度作为湖泊沉积物中最直接的物理指标,在不同的湖泊中存在着多解性,因此,系统地研究不同湖泊表层沉积物的粒度空间分布特征十分必要。本文以柴达木盆地的小柴旦湖为研究对象,对湖泊中23个表层沉积物样品进行粒度分析,并结合2个风成砂样品和1个湖泊钻孔样品(XCD3),系统研究其表层沉积物粒度特征,探讨可能影响粒度分布的外力因素。结果表明:(1)在两条采样路线上,样品粒度随水位深度增加逐渐变细,其平均粒径的变化范围自50.2μm至5.3μm,说明小柴旦湖这类小型浅水盐湖的沉积特征符合湖泊中湖滨至湖心沉积物颗粒逐渐变细这一规律;(2)凡是湖泊水深超过200 cm的样品,粒度频率分布曲线具有较高的一致性,表明在小柴旦湖中较细颗粒主要赋存于深水区,指示深水区沉积环境相对稳定;(3)湖滨浅水区沉积物颗粒特征复杂,粒度频率分布曲线呈多峰态,可能受洪积扇、植被和风浪的影响。选取柴旦气象站1956—2013年气象数据中极大风速计算风浪对水体的影响,最大影响深度为0.4 m,说明湖滨深度小于0.4 m的区域受风浪影响。结合湖泊表层沉积物及周围风成砂粒度特征,对小柴旦3(XCD3)钻孔沉积物粒度特征进行分析,发现:钻孔中68—70 cm和77—80 cm层位粒度特征指示水位快速下降,湖泊干涸并沉积风成砂;其余层位均表现为相对稳定的湖相地层,湖泊水位与现代相近。     

Project Tocoen. the fate of selected pollutants in the environment. Part XIX. the phytotoxicity of organic and inorganic pollutants‐cadmium. The effect of cadmium on the growth of germinating maize plants

The effect of increasing cadmium concentration (10, 100 and 1000 μmol dm^‐3) on the growth, leaf area, content of assimilation pigments, cadmium content and the regulatory ability of the tissue of maize plants was investigated.

The results obtained document, already after 6 days, a significant decrease of dry weight, reduction of leaf area, chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids in plants grown in the nutrient solution containing 1000 μmol dm ^‐3 of cadmium. A highly significant inhibition of growth, leaf area and assimilation pigments in plants growing in the nutrient solutions with 100 and 10 μmol dm^‐3 of cadmium was registered after 17 days of cultivation. In plants growing in the nutrient solution containing 100 μmol dm^‐3 of cadmium a demonstrable reduction of the content of assimilation pigments was registered after 11 days of culture.

With increasing cadmium concentration in the nutrient solution as well as in the plant tissue after 6 and 17 days of culture both the range of the regulatory zone and the extent of optimum pH increased into the acid region. The pH values of the isoelectric point decreased with increasing cadmium content in the solution.     

A Revealed Preference Approach to Estimating Supply Curves for Ecosystem Services: Use of Auctions to Set Payments for Soil Erosion Control in Indonesia

Abstract:  To supply ecosystem services, private landholders incur costs. Knowledge of these costs is critical for the design of conservation-payment programs. Estimating these costs accurately is difficult because the minimum acceptable payment to a potential supplier is private information. We describe how an auction of payment contracts can be designed to elicit this information during the design phase of a conservation-payment program. With an estimate of the ecosystem-service supply curve from a pilot auction, conservation planners can explore the financial, ecological, and socioeconomic consequences of alternative scaled-up programs. We demonstrate the potential of our approach in Indonesia, where soil erosion on coffee farms generates downstream ecological and economic costs. Bid data from a small-scale, uniform-price auction for soil-conservation contracts allowed estimates of the costs of a scaled-up program, the gain from integrating biophysical and economic data to target contracts, and the trade-offs between poverty alleviation and supply of ecosystem services. Our study illustrates an auction-based approach to revealing private information about the costs of supplying ecosystem services. Such information can improve the design of programs devised to protect and enhance ecosystem services.     

Application of random pore model for SO2 removal reaction by CuO

In this work, mathematical modeling of SO₂ removal reaction with CuO was accomplished by the random pore model. The partial differential equations, describing the reaction of a gaseous reactant with a single pellet and also a packed bed of solid reactant, were solved by the finite element method. The results of modeling consist of CuO conversion-time profiles at different temperatures and SO₂ concentrations, and also break through curves which were compared with the literature experimental data in a good accuracy. The rate constants were estimated from the initial slope of the conversion-time curves, and the product layer diffusivities were evaluated from the whole conversion-time profiles.