Organic Liquids Storage Tanks Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) Emissions Dispersion and Risk Assessment in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar-Es-Salaam City, Tanzania

The emission estimation of nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from eight organic liquids storage tanks companies in Dar-es-Salaam City Tanzania has been done by using US EPA standard regulatory storage tanks emission model (TANKS 4.9b). Total VOCs atmospheric emission has been established to be 853.20 metric tones/yr. It has been established further that petrol storage tanks contribute about 87% of total VOCs emitted, while tanks for other refined products and crude oil were emitting 10% and 3% of VOCs respectively. Of the eight sources (companies), the highest emission value from a single source was 233,222.94 kg/yr and the lowest single source emission value was 6881.87 kg/yr. The total VOCs emissions estimated for each of the eight sources were found to be higher than the standard level of 40,000 kg/yr per source for minor source according to US EPA except for two sources, which were emitting VOCs below the standard level. The annual emissions per single source for each of the VOCs were found to be below the US EPA emissions standard which is 2,000~kg/yr in all companies except the emission of hexane from company F1 which was slightly higher than the standard. The type of tanks used seems to significantly influence the emission rate. Vertical fixed roof tanks (VFRT) emit a lot more than externally floating roof tanks (EFRT) and internally floating roof tanks (IFRT). The use of IFRT and EFRT should be encouraged especially for storage of petrol which had highest atmospheric emission contribution. Model predicted atmospheric emissions are less than annual losses measured by companies in all the eight sources. It is possible that there are other routes for losses beside atmospheric emissions. It is therefore important that waste reduction efforts in these companies are directed not only to reducing atmospheric emissions, but also prevention of the spillage and leakage of stored liquid and curbing of the frequently reported illegal siphoning of stored products. Emission rates for benzene, toluene, and xylene were used as input to CALPUFF air dispersion model for the calculation of spatial downwind concentrations from area sources. By using global positioning system (GPS) and geographical information system (GIS) the spatial benzene concentration contributed by organic liquid storage tanks has been mapped for Dar-es-Salaam City. Highest concentrations for all the three toxic pollutants were observed at Kigamboni area, possibly because the area is located at the wind prevailing direction from the locations of the storage tanks. The model predicted concentrations downwind from the sources were below tolerable concentrations by WHO and US-OSHA. The highest 24 hrs averaging time benzene concentration was used for risk assessment in order to determine maximum carcinogenic risk amongst the population exposed at downwind. Established risk for adult and children at 2.9×10^-3 and 1.9×10^-3 respectively, are higher than the acceptable US-EPA risk of 1×10^-6. It is very likely that the actual VOCs concentrations in some urban areas in Tanzania including Dar-es-Salaam City are much higher than the levels reported in this study when other sources such as petrol stations and motor vehicles on the roads are considered. Tanzania Government therefore need to put in place: an air quality policy and legislation, establish air quality guidelines and acquire facilities which will enable the implementation of air quality monitoring and management programmes.     

温度和离子强度对SDBS增溶菲的影响及机理

研究了不同温度(15,20,25,30,35和50℃)和离子强度(0.03,0.15和0.30 mol·l-1)对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)增溶菲的影响,并探讨了其增溶热力学,结果表明, SDBS对菲的增溶量随温度的升高而增大,而增溶能力(Kmn,Kmc)减小,主要是由菲在水中溶解度增大所致;离子强度增大,SDBS的临界胶束浓度(CMC)降低、胶团变大和菲的溶解度减小,导致SDBS对菲的增溶量和增溶能力增大.菲在SDBS单体/水和胶束/水的表观分配焓变分别为-21.08kJ·mol-1和-16.54 kJ·mol-1,因此,升高温度不利于菲在SDBS单体和胶束中的分配作用;菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的表观熔解热分别为35.16 kJ·mol-1,14.08 kJ·mol-1和18.62 kJ·mol-1,故温度升高菲在水、SDBS单体和胶束中的溶解量增大.     

化学改性空心微珠阻燃热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的研究

为了提高热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的阻燃性，以四氟硼酸盐离子液体对空心微珠进行化学改性，获得新型阻燃热塑性聚氨酯弹性体复合材料。采用锥形量热仪和烟密度测试仪测定分析新型阻燃热塑性聚氨酯弹性体复合材料的阻燃、抑烟性能；探究化学改性后的空心微珠对热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的阻燃与抑烟效果的影响，以及不同组分含量的改性空微珠对热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的阻燃抑烟性能的影响。结果表明:采用四氟硼酸盐离子液体进行化学改性的空心微珠能够明显改善热塑性聚氨酯弹性体的阻燃性能；添加以四氟硼酸盐离子液体进行化学改性的空心微珠的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体复合材料具有一定的抑烟效果，其抑烟性能虽不如添加单一空心微珠的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体复合材料，但优于纯热塑性聚氨酯弹性体材料；相比于添加单一空心微珠的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体复合材料，添加化学改性空心微珠的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体复合材料的抑烟效果下降幅度低于阻燃效果的增强幅度，改性后的复合材料阻燃抑烟总体效果强于未改性的复合材料，改性空心微珠含量越高，总体效果越好。     

两种咪唑氯盐类离子液体对水稻幼苗根部的毒性效应

按照毒性试验标准方法研究了1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([DMIM]Cl)、1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([C12MIM]Cl)对水稻幼苗生长的影响,测定了水稻根的半数抑制浓度(IC50-5d)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、水稻根部丙二醛(MDA)含量及对水稻根系的生理影响.结果表明:两种离子液体(ILs)对水稻幼苗根部生长均具有抑制作用,随着浓度的增大抑制率增加,[DMIM]Cl和[C12MIM]Cl的根长IC50-5d分别为0.10 mg·L-1和0.054 mg·L-1,水稻幼苗根部对两种ILs均有氧化应激反应,在[DMIM]Cl和[C12MIM]Cl处理下,3种抗氧化酶活性均受到严重抑制,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,加剧了水稻幼苗根部细胞膜脂质过氧化作用.[DMIM]Cl和[C12MIM]Cl处理导致根系活力降低,根系质膜透性增大.     

离子液体R3NANR3的制备及其脱硫性能

以二元酸和短链叔胺为原料,合成了已二酸三乙胺盐离子液体———R3NANR3。对该离子液体进行SO2气体的循环吸收和解吸行为的研究。实验结果表明,R3NANR3离子液体能对SO2气体进行有效的化学吸收。该吸收过程分二步进行,以第一步吸收为主。室温下(20℃)该离子液体在3 h以内吸收速率较快,3 h后吸收速率减慢并逐渐达到平衡。R3NANR3离子液体与SO2气体饱和吸收量的物质的量之比为1.08。较高温度将导致SO2气体的解吸,在90℃时饱和吸收液能较充分地解吸,残留量为0.0010 mol/L。多次吸收和解吸测试表明,R3NANR3离子液体能实现对SO2气体的循环吸收和分离,将成为烟气中SO2气体的脱除和利用的重要循环吸收剂。     

多元可燃混合溶液的闪点预测

为了预测多元可燃混合液的闪点,建立了一个预测模型,通过二元和三元可燃混合液闪点实测值的试验对比,证实此模型的误差在可接受的范围内。此模型可以在预知可燃混合液组分比例和单组分闪点基础上快速预测混合液的闪点。     

用微观作用力解析无机离子对腐殖酸的膜污染行为影响

基于Na+、Ca2+离子在天然水体中的普遍存在及对超滤膜有机污染行为的影响,本研究主要考察了不同离子条件下腐殖酸(HA)对PVDF超滤膜污染行为的影响机理。使用原子力显微镜结合自制的膜材料及污染物探针定量测定了不同离子条件下PVDF-HA及HA-HA之间的相互作用力,同时进行了相应的膜污染实验及定量研究腐殖酸的去除效果。结果表明,PVDF-HA及HA-HA之间的相互作用力大小与膜污染速率及污染幅度呈正相关关系。一价Na+离子通过电荷屏蔽可降低HA表面的带电量,对HA膜污染行为及PVDF-HA及HA-HA之间作用力的影响并不明显。二价Ca2+离子通过电荷中和作用大幅度降低了HA表面的有效带电量,使得PVDF-HA及HA-HA之间的粘附力增大,加剧了膜污染速率。而过多的Ca2+离子会加剧HA之间的聚合,降低了HA进入膜孔内的机率,虽然会短暂的增加腐殖酸的去除效率但无法从根本减轻膜污染。     

二氧化碳回收技术进展

CO2的过量排放对全球的气候变暖有着不可推卸的责任,同时CO2又是一种重要的碳资源,对它的回收和利用将具有很大的经济效益和社会效益。CO2回收的方法主要是膜吸收法、变压吸附法、化学吸收法和低温分离法,特别是离子液体对CO2的吸收,为CO2的减排提供了良好的手段。     

表面活性剂强化超声波-离子液体预处理对水葫芦酶解的影响

为探讨表面活性剂对超声波-离子液体(US-IL)预处理木质纤维素的影响,本试验采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)强化US-IL对水葫芦进行预处理,通过酶解、组成成分、表面形貌、结晶度以及化学结构的变化对预处理效果进行考察.结果显示,与未添加SDS相比,超声波-离子液体-十二烷基硫酸钠(US-IL-SDS)预处理能够有效降低纤维素的结晶度并去除木质素,酶解还原糖产量、纤维转化率及其脱木率分别提高72.23%、58.74%及21.01%.并且,SEM、XRD以及FTIR结果也表明SDS能够促进US-IL对水葫芦结构的破坏.因此,将SDS运用于辅助US-IL预处理木质纤维素具有一定可行性和良好的运用前景.     

双信号细胞电化学法检测氯酚类的毒性

以多壁碳纳米管和离子液体复合修饰电极(MWCNTs-IL/GCE)为工作电极,运用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)研究了人乳腺癌(MCF-7)细胞的电化学行为,检测到了2个明显的氧化峰,其氧化峰电位分别为0.725 V和1.038 V.结合4种嘌呤碱基与模型细胞的电化学行为比较与高效液相色谱分析,确定细胞的电化学响应来源分别为细胞质中黄嘌呤与鸟嘌呤、次黄嘌呤与腺嘌呤的电化学氧化.基于2个响应信号峰电流的变化,研究了五氯酚(PCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(TCP)和2,4-二氯酚(DCP)对MCF-7细胞的毒性效应,根据剂量-效应关系曲线计算半数抑制效应浓度(IC50)值,并与四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法进行比较.结果发现,氯酚类污染物对MCF-7细胞活性有明显抑制作用,细胞电化学法与MTT法测得细胞毒性顺序均为:PCPTCPDCP,表明细胞电化学法可以快速、准确地评价氯酚类污染物的细胞毒性.该研究结果可从核苷酸代谢角度为危害化学品的安全无标记、准确客观的毒性评价方法建立提供新思路.