Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates from fresh produce and the impact to food safety

Foodborne diseases associated with fresh produce consumption have escalated worldwide, causing microbial safety of produce of critical importance. Bacteria that have increasingly been detected in fresh produce are Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., both of which have been shown to progressively display antimicrobial resistance. The study focused on the assessment of antimicrobial resistance of these enteric bacteria from different kinds of fresh produce from various open air markets and supermarkets in the Philippines. Using the disk diffusion assay on a total of 50 bacterial isolates obtained from 410 fresh produce surveyed, monoresistance to tetracycline was observed to be the most prevalent (38%), followed by multidrug resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid (4%), and lastly by dual resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol (2%). Using multiplex and simplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, tetA (75%) and tetB (9%) were found in tetracycline resistant isolates, whereas catI (67%) and catIII (33%) were detected in chloramphenicol resistant isolates. Sequence analysis of gyr and par genes from the ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistant isolates revealed different mutations. Based on the results, fresh produce act as a reservoir of these antibiotic resistant bacteria which may pose health threat to consumers.     

离子色谱／氢化物发生／原子吸收法测定天然淡水中的4种砷形态

首次用国产YSA－Ⅲ型阴离子交换树脂色谱柱,以离子色谱／氢化物发生／原子吸收联用方法,测定天然淡水中４种主要砷形态：亚砷酸盐,砷酸盐,甲基胂酸盐和二甲基胂酸盐。检出限依次为0.28,0.50,0.12和0.18ppbAs,较低于同类方法。实际水样2ngAs/mL加标回收率为93.0％～107.8％。给出几种淡水样中砷形态的分析结果。     

PCDD/Fs-induced oxidative damage and antioxidant system responses in tobacco cell suspension cultures

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are ubiquitous contaminants and can be considerably accumulated by natural plants. In order to elucidate the biochemical and physiological responses of plant to PCDD/Fs, tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) cells were selected as model plant and treated with time- and concentration-dependent PCDD/Fs. The toxic effect and oxidative stress caused by PCDD/Fs were evident, which could be indicted by the reduction in fresh mass, the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the damage of tobacco cell ultrastructure. PCDD/Fs tolerance was correlated with changes in antioxidant system and hormones of tobacco cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) exhibited peak enzyme activities at the PCDD/Fs concentration of 1000 ng WHO₉₈-TEQ g⁻¹ fresh weight. Glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activity increased monotonically at high level PCDD/Fs, but the activity of catalase (CAT) was only slightly affected at all treatment. Meanwhile, the exposure to PCDD/Fs resulted in the changes of hormones content. With the increase of exposure concentration of PCDD/Fs, the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) increased, whereas the concentration of jasmonates (JAs) decreased. The above results suggest that tobacco cells had the ability to cope with the oxidative stress induced by low concentration of PCDD/Fs through increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and alternating plant hormones levels. However, oxidative stress and toxicity would burst out when plant cells were exposed to the high levels of PCDD/Fs.     

淮安市水污染控制规划研究

淮安市严重的水污染已威胁到当地饮用水及南水北调东线调水的水质安全。根据水污染形势，提出了淮安市“控源导流、清污两制、3级控制、3级标准”的水污染控制战略。基于这一基本思想，构建了淮安市污染源头控制、污水集中处理、尾水调度处置的水污染全过程控制规划方案，确定了淮河入海水道南偏泓作为淮安市区域城市尾水的受纳与处置通道，论证了尾水生态系统的构成、尾水的调度方案，并对南偏泓3级河道稳定塘的水质进行了模拟。     

水溶液中新生态MnO2对苯酚的氧化作用及机理研究

pH是影响反应过程的重要因素,pH≥4的条件下,新生态MnO₂与苯酚间主要发生吸附作用,而在pH<4时,新生态MnO₂与苯酚间发生氧化还原反应.本文主要研究pH<4时新生态MnO₂与苯酚间的氧化还原反应机理,并考察反应时间、温度及高价离子对苯酚去除率及溶解锰的影响.结果表明,时间对苯酚的去除率影响较大,反应10min苯酚的去除率可达60%以上,反应70min基本达到平衡,苯酚的去除率可达95%左右,溶解锰随反应时间变化不大.苯酚的去除率随温度增加而增大,但是变化幅度较小,溶解锰随温度变化不大.推测反应过程产生苯氧自由基及中间态氧化剂Mn³⁺.GC-MS测定苯酚的氧化产物为对苯醌和联苯酚.高价正离子Al³⁺能促进苯酚的去除,负离子PO₄^3-不利于苯酚的去除.     

Quantitative Relationships between Predatory and Nonpredatory Animals in Freshwater Ecosystems

The ratios between the sizes of predators and prey have been estimated. On average, the linear sizes and body weights of aquatic predatory animals are approximately three and nine times greater, respectively, than those of nonpredatory animals. The biomass of predators in waters with different productivity levels is, on average, about 20% of the biomass of nonpredatory animals. However, the ratio between the biomasses of predatory and nonpredatory animals in the same water body may vary seasonally and annually and differ in different parts of this water body. The average numbers of predatory fish in ichthyocenoses are no more than 3% of the numbers of nonpredatory fish. The living space (individual range) of predatory fish is about 40 times larger than that of their prey. The relatively low numbers of predators in water bodies may be accounted for by the lower number of predatory species and their higher mortality at early developmental stages, compared to nonpredatory species.     

钢铁材料在黄河三门峡水库中的腐蚀行为

目的获取典型钢铁材料在黄河三门峡水库中长期暴露的腐蚀结果和腐蚀行为。方法采用暴露腐蚀试验,将1种碳钢、3种低合金钢和3种不锈钢材料在三门峡水库中暴露1,2,5,8 a,用金相显微镜测量各材料的点蚀深度,观察腐蚀形貌,并计算其腐蚀速率。结果在三门峡水库中暴露8 a,碳钢和低合金钢的腐蚀行为基本相同,4种钢暴露1 a的平均腐蚀速度接近,为0.047~0.050 mm/a,暴露1~8 a,Q235B的平均腐蚀速度为0.040 mm/a,X70,X80和D36钢的平均腐蚀速度与Q235B相差不大,分别为0.039,0.034,0.037 mm/a。暴露1 a后,0Cr13表面有蚀点,最大点蚀深度为0.010 mm,暴露8 a后,0Cr13试样的边角、钻孔处出现溃烂、穿孔。暴露8 a后,304和316L的最大点蚀深度均小于0.1 mm。结论 Q235B,X70,X80,D36在黄河三门峡水库中的腐蚀行为基本相同,它们在第1年的腐蚀速度较大,暴露1 a后腐蚀速度略有降低。0Cr13腐蚀严重,暴露8 a,发生腐蚀溃烂、穿孔现象。304和316L在三门峡水库中有很好的耐蚀性。     

Screening of antibiotic residues in fresh milk of Kathmandu Valley,Nepal

The prevalence of two groups of antibiotics; namely penicillin and sulfonamides was studied in fresh milk available in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. The milk samples (n = 140) were collected from three different sources; individual farmers, cottage dairies and organized dairies of Kathmandu valley. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis with rapid screening kits revealed that 23% samples were positive for antibiotic residues in the fresh milk for penicillin and sulfonamide groups (1–256 µg/kg). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses detected 81% samples positive for amoxicillin (68–802 µg/kg), 41% for sulfadimethoxine (31–69 µg/kg), 27% for penicillin G (13–353 µg/kg), and 12% for ampicillin (0.5–92 µg/kg). Due to the precision and accuracy of liquid chromatography method, it detected more positive samples and consequently presented higher prevalence than the rapid screening kits. The antibiotic residues were found above the maximum residue limits that presented serious threat to consumer health and raised a serious concern regarding the implementation and monitoring of international regulations in developing countries.     

2009/2010年枯水期珠江口磨刀门水道强咸潮分析

研究对翔实的实测数据进行深入分析,总结出2009/2010年枯水期珠江口磨刀门水道咸潮具有出现早、来势猛、影响大的显著特征。通过对此次强咸潮上溯的影响因素进行分析,研究认为:2009年8月以后,气候变化导致的珠江流域降水异常偏少,径流锐减是2009/2010年枯水期珠江口磨刀门水道强咸潮出现的主要原因;潮汐是驱动磨刀门水道咸潮上溯的主要动力因素,潮汐愈强咸潮愈强;海平面上升是磨刀门水道强咸潮出现的重要影响因素。在全球气候变暖和海平面上升的背景下,研究对深入了解河口区淡水资源的合理开发利用,尤其是对保障河口区城乡供水安全具有重要的参考意义。     

EGSB处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液及其微生物群落变化

研究了处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液的膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器在超负荷运行前后厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物群落结构变化.在实验室启动并运行了处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液的EGSB反应器,逐渐提高反应器的有机负荷(OLR),当OLR为23.1kgCOD/(m3×d)时,COD去除率保持在93%以上.当OLR继续升至24.5kgCOD/(m3×d)时,COD去除率迅速下降至73.9%,且出水挥发酸大量增高,反应器进入超负荷运行状态.对反应器中厌氧颗粒污泥进行克隆文库分析,发现经过11d的超负荷运行,污泥中的微生物群落结构发生了明显的变化,古菌的优势菌从产甲烷髦毛菌(含量为68.4%)变为产甲烷微菌(含量为51.9%);细菌的优势菌一直是低GC革兰氏阳性菌(含量约56%),且大多数属于具有形成芽孢特性的Clostridiales目.EGSB反应器超负荷运行导致乙酸营养型古菌大量死亡,小分子有机酸大量积累,处理效率急剧下降.