三维脚型测量技术及方法的研究

本文阐述了人体脚型的测量方法及特点，比较后得出人工测量与三维扫描测量技术之间的差别。以YETI三维脚型扫描仪为模型，详细分析了脚型扫描仪的结构原理，摸索并提出了简单实用的测量方法，讨论了YETI三维脚型扫描仪获得的原始数据、脚型横截面以及脚型投影图的特点。     

Use of Scale Invariance in Evaluating Judgement Indicators

Indicators are used to draw conclusions about ecological endpoints when these endpoints cannot be measured directly. In many cases, inferences about an endpoint are only possible because assumptions have been made about the relationship between indicator and endpoint; we refer to such indicators as judgement indicators. The validity of inferences made using a judgement indicator can be gauged by examining the known or assumed form of the general relationship between indicator and endpoint. The rules for this kind of inference are a consequence of scale invariance, which originates from measurement theory. For simple indicators comprised of a single indicator measurement, the inferences allowed – equivalence, rank, equality of intervals, and equality of ratios – depend on whether the data are nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scaled. For composite indicators containing two or more simple indicators, inferences are also affected by the mathematical form of combination; e.g., whether the terms are summed or multiplied. Standardizing simple or composite indicators can allow inferences about the relative importance of observations, based on the natural range of occurrence. Scale invariance is a particularly important consideration in landscape assessments, since these often make use of judgement indicators.     

Low cost measurements of nitrogen and sulphur dry deposition velocities at a semi-alpine site: gradient measurements and a comparison with deposition model estimates

The conditional time averaged gradient method was used to measure air-surface exchange of nitrogen and sulphur compounds at a semi-alpine site in Southern Norway. Dry deposition velocities were then obtained from the bi-weekly concentration gradient measurements. Annual deposition velocities were found to be 1.4, 11.8 and 4.0 mm s(-1) for NH3, HNO3 and SO2, respectively, if all data were included, and to be 10.8, 11.8 and 13.0 mm s(-1), respectively, if only positive values were included. Measured deposition velocities were compared to two sets of values estimated from a big-leaf dry deposition module applying to two different land types (short grass and forbs, and tundra), driven by measured micrometeorological parameters. The deposition module gives reasonable values for this site throughout the year, but does not reproduce the large variability as shown in the measured data. No apparent seasonal variations were found from either measurements or module estimates due to the very low productivity of the studied area.     

水质总氮测定中的有关问题探讨

对总氮测定中的一系列影响因素，诸如实验用水，器皿的洗涤，实验室环境试剂的提纯、配制和保存，消解温度、压力和时间的控制，以及高氨氮水样中的总氮测定、总氮、总磷的同时测定和其他有关的问题，作了较为详细的探讨，并提出了相应的解决办法。     

热真空设备中与温度相关的试验技术探讨

以RZHM-1400-AB型热真空试验箱为实例,简述设备主要工作原理。强调其温度传递方式及航天产品在热真空试验中温度参数的重要性。以无数试验数据为依据,着重论证何种类型测温传感器与实际设备相匹配,同时论证选取何种外形的测温传感器为最佳温度测量工具。同时,进一步介绍几种在热真空试验中使用这些测温传感器的方法,以减少不必要的人为测量误差。     

ATIS环境下驾驶员认知负荷研究进展

为构建更加符合驾驶员认知特性的出行信息环境,提高驾驶员出行信息服务水平,对ATIS环境下驾驶员认知负荷研究进展进行系统分析与评述.首先阐述了认知负荷的理论基础,随后分析了ATIS环境下驾驶员认知负荷的影响因素,同时分类解析了驾驶员内在认知负荷、外在认知负荷与相关认知负荷的产生根源,并对认知负荷的形成机理进行了分析;系统评述了驾驶员认知负荷的测量方法,最后基于驾驶员信息认知负荷提出了ATIS优化对策.结果表明:年龄、性别、受教育程度、月收入、出行经验是影响驾驶员认知负荷的主要因素;道路交通标志的版面设计与驾驶员的标志视认时间关联密切;驾驶过程中拨打手机及使用车载终端均会分散驾驶员注意力,增加驾驶员的信息认知负荷;较高的车速与音频播放等环境会对驾驶员的信息认知能力提出更高要求.     

PWM变频驱动电机轴电压与轴电流的测试方法

PWM变频器的广泛应用大大改善了电机调速性能,但是,由于PWM变频器共模电压在电机内部耦合电容作用下,形成轴电压和轴电流,会引起轴承早期失效危及系统安全运行。轴电流问题的研究包括对轴电流的分析、预测和抑制。然而这些过程需要轴电压和轴电流的准确测量进行验证和比对分析。设计合理而有效的测量装置和测量方法是非常重要的一环。在分析轴电流产生机理的基础上,对现有的各种轴电流测量方法和轴承阻抗特性测试方法进行介绍,总结对比这几种方法的优缺点,为轴电流的测试平台的新设计提供参考。     

The multiple communities of low-carbon transition: an assessment of communities involved in forest carbon measurement

In recent writing on sociotechnical transitions theory communities are mostly conceived of as being local and place-based (“grassroots”). In this paper the implications for sociotechnical transitions theory of having multiple communities operating at different geographical scales, and with different objectives, are examined through a case study of low-carbon innovation in forests. The focus of analysis is the communities promoting sociotechnical innovations in the measurement of forest carbon. Innovation is being driven by the international United Nations climate policy initiative “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation” (REDD+). The rise of REDD+ policy has prompted a flurry of activity in related scientific research, especially in the field of remote sensing. But other types of community are also actively positioning themselves as experts in forest carbon measurement: there are multiple communities at work, each with varying claims to innovation and expertise, from local (place-based) forest communities to international communities of foresters and forest ecologists. Recognition of the multiple communities operating within sociotechnical systems usefully draws our attention to the politics of innovation.     

低水平放射性废水中钚的分析方法研究进展

钚是重要的核燃料,也是一种极毒的放射性核素,在核燃料循环和放射性废物处置过程中占有重要地位.近些年来,钚在自然水体中的含量、分布引起人们的关注.科研工作者针对低水平放射性废水,核设施周围自然水体,核试验、核事故情况下可能污染的自然水体等,建立了一些钚的分析方法.作者在对这些方法进行了比较的基础上,提出了一种在盐酸体系中用TEVA树脂负压微色谱柱液闪法将水溶液中钚与其他锕系元素及金属离子分离并测量的新方法.该方法有望在日常和应急监测中的得到应用.     

长江三角洲创新发展空间溢出效应的测度与分解

一体化深化背景下,准确把握城市群创新互动关系,对于推动高质量发展具有重要现实意义。空间溢出是创新发展互动关系重要体现之一,基于城市尺度数据、空间计量方法,对长江三角洲创新发展空间溢出效应进行多角度研究。主要结论如下：（1）城市创新发展存在显著为正的空间溢出效应,创新人才、资金投入、经济发展、交通设施和对外开放等都是创新发展重要驱动因素,但不同因素空间溢出效应存在差异。（2）不同区域、不同时期对比发现,创新发展空间溢出效应存在显著差异,如区域对比核心区时间演变明显增强等。（3）空间溢出效应随距离增加呈现“倒U型”演变趋势,且这一效应在325 km处最大,而后空间溢出效应的缓慢波动下降与中心城市相对均衡分布有关。本文为识别城市创新发展互动关系提供了新视角,对推动城市群创新发展、一体化深化等具有现实指导意义。