沙田柚根围AM真菌的生境适宜性和季节变化性

以山地长寿沙田柚成年果树为对象,研究不同生境和季节对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌侵染以及根围土壤中AM真菌孢子密度的影响.试验结果表明,不同生境下,菌根侵染率和AM真菌孢子密度都是以梯田最高,坡地次之,洼地最低;在坡地和洼地生境下,生草区均高于清耕区.两块试验地AM真菌的菌丝侵染率均为夏季最高(16.8%±1.9%和16.0%±1.8%),秋季次之,冬季最低;丛枝和泡囊的形成也是夏/秋季较高,春/冬季较低;而根围土壤中AM真菌孢子密度则是秋季最高[(159±19)个/100 g和(167±17)个/100 g],夏季次之,冬季最低.总之,对于长寿沙田柚成年果树,AM真菌的菌根侵染率在夏季梯田最高,根围土壤中的AM真菌孢子密度在秋季梯田最高;在坡地和洼地生境中,生草处理均可显著提高菌根侵染率和AM真菌孢子密度.图4参27     

高寒草原菌根围细菌数量对丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性的影响

基于丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi,AMF)孢子形态学鉴定,研究了藏北高寒草原主要建群植物菌根围细菌数量对AMF物种多样性的影响.结果表明:1)细菌数量1.02×106～2.96×106、3.01×106～6.06×106个/g范围内,Glomus、Acaulospora均为优势属,Scutellospora则均为最常见属;AMF孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度、重要值和种的丰度(SN、SR)均呈Glomus>Acaulospora>Scutellospora属的趋势.2)细菌数量较低时(<3.0×106个/g),AMF各属孢子密度、种的丰度(SR)相对较高,Shannon-Weiner指数、物种均匀度指数亦较高,分别达1.774和0.127.3)不同细菌数量条件下,孢子密度随细菌数量的增加而均呈微弱下降,菌根侵染率、侵染强度、丛枝丰度则均呈不同程度的提高.细菌数量>3.0×106个/g时,菌根侵染率、侵染强度和丛枝丰度随细菌数量增加而提高的趋势尤为明显.4)不同细菌数量条件下,AMF种的构成呈共有种、共有优势种较多(Glomus属均占绝对比重),特有种、稀有种较少,以及不同优势种孢子密度、相对多度和重要值差异均较悬殊的分布特征.图6表3参25     

微生物源槐糖脂对水果致腐真菌的抑制作用

致腐真菌是诱发水果采后病害,造成水果在运输、货架期间和贮藏过程腐败变质的主要原因.从腐烂水果上分离得到17株菌,其中9株为致腐真菌,研究了由拟威克酵母发酵产生的槐糖脂对该9株菌的作用,包括抑菌圈直径、抑菌率和对菌丝蔓延的影响.发现槐糖脂对9株致腐真菌有很好的抑制作用,浓度达到2.0 g L-1时,致腐菌(孢子)抑制率达...     

贵州浓香型白酒大曲中霉菌的18S rDNA系统发育分析

从贵州某名酒厂大曲中分离到104株丝状真菌(霉菌),通过形态特征和生理特性检测等传统鉴定方法,初步把形态和生理生化特征一致的霉菌归类为14个大类群;并采用18S rDNA序列分析,进一步把菌株归类为MJ-I至MJ-V五个类群,随后构建系统发育树.结果表明,样品中的霉菌以曲霉属(Aspergillus)为主,占总分离菌数...     

西安市秋冬季市区与山区微生物气溶胶组成特征及来源

为探究城市市区与山区微生物气溶胶组成特征及来源,在西安市市区(城区和郊区)及南郊山区设立3个采样点,采集细颗粒物、土壤及叶片样本.通过高通量测序法,解析不同采样点真菌与细菌群落结构,考察其时空变化特征;使用Source Track源解析技术对空气中微生物进行来源分析.结果表明,不同采样点真菌、细菌菌属差异较大,说明地理位置对空气中微生物的群落结构影响显著;冬季市区检测出较多的潜在真菌致病菌和细菌致病菌,且具有较高的相对丰度和多样性.通过源解析技术发现,在局部源叶片和土壤中,叶片表面微生物是空气中微生物的主要潜在源,且秋季叶片对空气中微生物的贡献率高于冬季.本研究不仅为空气中生物气溶胶的溯源研究提供了一定基础,也为深入了解大气中微生物污染特性和为我国空气环境质量评价与疾病预防提供一定的科学依据.     

Properties of a Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase from Penicillium funiculosum

A poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase was purified from a fungus, Penicillium funiculosum (IFO6345), with phenyl-Toyopearl and its properties were compared with those of other PHB depolymerases. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated at about 33 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pH optimum and pI were 6.5 and 6.5, respectively. The purified protein showed affinity to Con A-Sepharose, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. Diisopropylfluorophosphate and dithiothreitol inhibited the depolymerase activity completely. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme was TALPAFNVNPNSVSVSGLSSGGYMAAQL, which contained a lipase box sequence. This purified enzyme is one of the extracellular PHB depolymerase which belong to serine esterase. The purified enzyme showed relatively strong hydrolytic activity against 3-hydroxybutyrate oligomers compared with its PHB-degrading activity. PHB-binding experiments showed that P. funiculosum depolymerase has the weakest affinity for PHB of all the depolymerases examined.     

净化三苯废气生物滤池中微生物的初步鉴定

对于疏水性有机物质,真菌具有更高的处理效率,对干燥、酸性等环境有更强的适应性。研究采用生物滤池处理含苯、甲苯、二甲苯(三苯)废气,通过对生物滤塔填料附着微生物进行扫描电镜观察和初步鉴定表明,过滤塔内的微生物为丛梗孢科木霉属绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride Pers.exFr),该真菌对高浓度有机废气有很高处理效率。     

Cooperation between ligninolytic enzymes produced by superior mixed flora

Since the ability to degrade lignin with one kind of white-rot fungi or bacteria was very limited, superior mixed flora‘s ability to degrade lignin was investigated by an orthogonal experiment in this paper. The results showed that superior mixed flora reinforced the ability to degrade lignin, the degradation rates of both sample 9 and 10 were beyond 80% on the day 9. The cooperation between lignin peroxidase(LiP), Mn-dependent peroxidase(MnP) and laccase (Lac) for lignin degradation was also studied. By examining the activities of three enzymes produced by superior mixed flora, it was found that Lac was a key enzyme in the process of biological degradation of lignin but Lip was not; the enzyme activity ratios of Lac/MnP and Lac/LiP were significantly correlative with the degradation rate of lignin at the 0.01 level; and the ratio of MnP/LiP was an important factor affecting the degradation rate of lignin.     

真菌降解废气中邻-二甲苯试验研究

采用真菌降解废气中的邻-二甲苯,试验装置为真菌生物滤池.将滤池内填料分成3段,考察每一段的负荷能力、去除效率以及pH值、温度、湿度的变化特点等.邻-二甲苯的进气浓度为400～700mg·m-3,气量为0 25m3·h-1,停留时间为100s.试验结果表明,真菌能够有效地去除废气中的邻 二甲苯,总去除率达到90%以上.其中,从上到下各段的去除率分别为36 8%,28 6%和25 5%.生物滤池内产生CO2的浓度与邻 二甲苯的降解有密切关联,通过在线监测进出气中的CO2浓度变化,可以间接反映出生物滤池的运行状况和生物生长量.在本研究中,降解的邻二甲苯中的碳约74%转化成CO2.微生物鉴定结果表明,降解邻 二甲苯的微生物主要是青霉菌和诺卡氏菌.     

丛枝菌根真菌对海州香薷生长及其Cu吸收的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌对灭菌土壤中海州香薷生长及其Cu吸收的影响.试验设0,50,100,200,400mg·kg^-1等5个外施Cu水平,Glomus caledonium90036(36)、Acaulospora mellea ZZ(ZZ)2种菌剂处理和1个不接AM真菌的对照处理(CK).苗后60d收获植株.结果表明,尽管菌根侵染率随Cu水平的升高而降低,但都高达50%以上,说明AM真菌易于侵染海州香薷.36和ZZ处理在各Cu水平下都显著提高了海州香薷地上和根系干重.在200mg.kg^-1及以下各Cu水平时,2种菌剂处理提高海州香薷地上部分Cu浓度,在400mg·kg^-1Cu水平时,地上部分Cu浓度在36、ZZ和CK之间没有显著差异.在施Cu水平为0mg·kg^-1时,海州香薷根系Cu浓度在36、ZZ和CK之间差异不显著,在50mg·kg^-1及以上各Cu水平时,36和ZZ降低海州香薷根系Cu浓度.36和ZZ处理在各Cu水平提高地上部分Cu吸收量,在100mg·kg^-1Cu水平时提高根系Cu吸收量.总之,接种AM真菌可以促进海州香薷向地上部转运Cu,提高其地上部分Cu吸收量.