Assessment of ambient air quality in Eskişehir, Turkey

This paper presents an assessment of air quality of the city Eskişehir, located 230 km southwest to the capital of Turkey. Only five of the major air pollutants, most studied worldwide and available for the region, were considered for the assessment. Available sulphur dioxide (SO₂), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), and non-methane volatile organic carbons (NMVOCs) data from local emission inventory studies provided relative source contributions of the selected pollutants to the region.The contributions of these typical pollution parameters, selected for characterizing such an urban atmosphere, were compared with the data established for other cities in the nation and world countries. Additionally, regional ambient SO₂ and PM concentrations, determined by semi-automatic monitoring at two sites, were gathered from the National Ambient Air Monitoring Network (NAAMN). Regional data for ambient NO₂ (as a precursor of ozone as VOCs) and ozone concentrations, through the application of the passive sampling method, were provided by the still ongoing local air quality monitoring studies conducted at six different sites, as representatives of either the traffic-dense-, or coal/natural gas burning residential-, or industrial/rural-localities of the city. Passively sampled ozone data at a single rural site were also verified with the data from a continuous automatic ozone monitoring system located at that site. Effects of variations in seasonal-activities, newly established railway system, and switching to natural gas usage on the temporal changes of air quality were all considered for the assessment. Based on the comparisons with the national [AQCR (Air Quality Control Regulation). Ministry of Environment (MOE), Ankara. Official Newspaper 19269; 1986.] and a number of international [WHO (World Health Organization). Guidelines for Air Quality. Geneva; 2000. Downloaded in January 2006, website: http://www.who.int/peh/; EU (European Union). Council Directive 1999/30/EC relating to limit values for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and lead in ambient air. Of J Eur Communities L 163: 14–30; 29.6.1999; EU (European Union). Council Directive 2002/3/EC relating to ozone in ambient air. Of J Eur Communities. L 67: 14–30; 9.3.2002.; USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Downloaded in January 2006, website: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/] ambient air standards, among all the pollutants studied, only the annual average SO₂ concentration was found to exceed one specific limit value (EU limit for protection of the ecosystem). A part of the data (VOC/NO_x ratio), for determining the effects of photochemical interactions, indicated that VOC-limited regime was prevailing throughout the city.     

POCIS采样技术应用于九龙江流域水环境中雌激素的检测

极性有机物一体化采样器(POCIS)作为富集水体中有机物的新型采样技术,可以反映目标物在被测水体中的时间权重浓度,因此在环境监测中是对主动采样方式的重要补充.本研究采用POCIS进行了4种固醇类雌激素化合物(雌酮、雌二醇、雌三醇及雌炔醇)的富集动力学,以及温度和目标物浓度对POCIS富集雌激素影响的实验室模拟研究.结果表明,POCIS对目标化合物的富集放置时间7 d内呈现显著的线性关系(r2≥0.988 1,P<0.001).温度对目标物在POCIS上富集的影响比较显著(RSD>12%),随着温度的升高,目标化合物在POCIS上的采样速率减小.而目标物浓度对POCIS富集没有显著的影响(RSD<5%).将所建立的POCIS采样装置应用于九龙江流域的现场环境中,发现利用POCIS估算出的目标物时间权重浓度与主动采样测定的浓度具有显著的相关性(r2=0.720 9,P<0.001),验证了POCIS在实际环境中的可应用性.     

基于被动采样技术的垃圾焚烧厂及周边大气中PAHs分布研究

垃圾焚烧是大气PAHs污染的重要来源,为监测垃圾焚烧过程产生的PAHs,利用被动采样技术对垃圾焚烧厂及周边大气中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析.结果表明,PAHs总量为146.29～396.30 ng·d-1,其中气相中PAHs为128.03～377.05 ng·d-1,颗粒相中PAHs为10.698～19.251 ng·d-1.气相中PAHs组成以菲、荧蒽、芴等低环化合物为主,菲的含量高达55.1%.选定松针作为被动植物样品,测得松针中PAHs的浓度为651.88～1 044.43 ng·g-1;考察土壤中PAHs的分布特征,测得土壤中PAHs浓度为35.04～998.89 ng·g-1.被动采样和松针、土壤中所含的PAHs分布特征相似,说明被动采样能反映PAHs在环境中的真实积累情况.此外,通过比较主动采样与被动采样结果,表明两者对大气中PAHs的富集能达到基本一致的效果.     

深圳市大气中全氟化合物的残留特征

为探究深圳市大气中全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)的残留特征,基于负载XAD-4的PUF膜被动采样器采集了2014年11月1日至2015年1月31日深圳市12个位点的大气样品,分析了大气中7种挥发性PFCs和15种离子型PFCs的含量及分布特征.结果表明,深圳市大气中ΣPFCs平均浓度为79.0 pg·m-3(23.7~157 pg·m-3),以挥发性PFCs为主.8∶2氟调聚醇(fluorotelomer alcohol,FTOH)、6∶2 FTOH和全氟戊酸(perfluoropentanoic acid,PFPe A)、全氟辛酸(perfluorooctane acid,PFOA)分别是挥发性和离子型PFCs的主要组分.深圳市大气中挥发性和离子型PFCs的空间分布相同,均呈西北高东南低的态势.此外,6∶2 FTOHs、8∶2 FTOHs、PFPe A、PFHx A和PFOA与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)呈正相关(P0.05,P0.01),而与PM_(10)的相关性更显著.     

Systematic Biases in Measurement of Urban Nitrogen Dioxide using Passive Diffusion Samplers

Measurement of nitrogen dioxide using passivediffusion tube over 22 months in Cambridge, U.K. areanalysed as a function of sampler exposure time, andcompared with NO₂ concentrations obtained from aco-located chemiluminescence analyser. The averageratios of passive sampler to analyser NO₂ at acity centre site (mean NO₂ concentration 22 ppb)are 1.27 (n = 22), 1.16 (n = 34) and 1.11 (n = 7) forexposures of 1, 2 and 4-weeks, respectively. Modellingthe generation of extra NO₂ arising from chemicalreaction between co-diffusing NO and O₃ in thetube gave a ratio (modelled/measured) of 1.31 for1-week exposures. Such overestimation is greatest whenNO₂ constitutes, on average, about half of totalNO_x (= NO + NO₂) at the monitoring locality.Although 4-week exposures gave concentrations whichwere not significantly different from analyserNO₂, there was no correlation between thedatasets. At both the city-centre site and anothersemi-rural site (mean NO₂ concentration 11 ppb)the average of the aggregate of four consecutive1-week sampler exposures or of two consecutive 2-weeksampler exposures was systematically greater than fora single 4-week exposure.The results indicate two independent and opposingsystematic biases in measurement of NO₂ bypassive diffusion sampler: an exposure-timeindependent chemical overestimation with magnitudedetermined by local relative concentrations of NO andO₃ to NO₂, and an exposure-time dependentreduction in sampling efficiency. The impact of theseand other potential sources of systematic bias on theapplication of passive diffusion tubes for assessingambient concentrations of NO₂ in short (1-week)or long (4-week) exposures are discussed in detail.     

硅胶腕带被动采集多环芳烃的可行性分析

多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）对人体危害巨大,目前关于人体暴露于大气环境PAHs研究主要以主动采样方式开展。硅胶腕带作为一种新的大气被动采样装置,具有体积小、价格低、耐磨耐热、无毒无味等优点,适合人体环境暴露监测。国际上研究刚起步,尚未建立完善的腕带被动采样与主动采样技术之间的定量关系。本研究于2019年秋冬季和2021年冬季在西安市城区,同时开展硅胶腕带被动采样与大气主动采样对低分子量（MW＜203 g·mol^?1）PAHs的对比实验,力求建立两者的联系。2019年和2021年西安冬季大气中低分子量PAHs浓度分别为(52.81±14.76) ng·m^?3和(134.59±39.48) ng·m^?3,与前人研究相当。相对应的腕带浓度为(183.07±40.43) ng·d^?1和(524.99±150.32) ng·d^?1。Pearson相关分析发现：萘、苊烯、1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘、荧蒽以及总PAHs的主、被动采样之间显著相关（P＜0.05）,相关系数均大于0.4,证明硅胶腕带被动采样方法适用于低分子量PAHs的人体暴露监测。     

Experimental investigation on the phase change material-based modular heat exchanger for thermal management of a building

A phase change material (PCM)-based flat plate modular heat exchanger for free cooling application, suitable for the diurnal temperature variation that prevails during the summer months of Bangalore city, India is designed and experimentally investigated. The flow and other parameters selected in the present study are meant to suit the accelerated charging of the PCM in the modular heat exchanger during the early morning hours, and to provide cool energy to the room during the daytime, by circulating the ambient air through the heat exchanger at a lower velocity. It is observed from the charging experiments that the decrease in the inlet air temperature has more influence in reducing the solidification time than the increase in the inlet air velocity. The heat exchanger designed in the present investigation is capable of maintaining the room temperature around 30°C for a longer duration of 8 hr when the heat load is 0.5 kW. It is suggested to design the modular heat exchanger with a surface area proportionate to the present heat exchanger size when the room heat load increases beyond 0.5 kW, in order to maintain a minimum comfortable temperature of 30°C in the room.     

天津-长岛区域有机氯污染物的相对化学组成与大气传输

为了研究持久性有机污染物(POPs)的区域分布、大气传输与来源,采用被动采样技术于2006年7月—2008年6月在山东长岛与天津同步采集大气样品.色谱/高分辨质谱(GC/HRMS)分析数据表明,有机氯污染物化学组成季节变化明显.天津-长岛区域的大气样品主要按照季节聚类,表现出有机氯污染的区域性特征.天津和长岛相距约400 km,两地化学组成的相似性归因于有效的大气扩散和长距离传输.同时,天津点位的源区特征,长岛渔港和船厂含DDTs船舶防污漆的使用作为一种重要的DDTs排放,在化学组成和聚类结果中,均得到了客观的反映.有机氯污染物相对化学组成可以作为一种“指纹”和“探针”技术,研究大气污染物的传输和区域分布.      

大气中持久性有机污染物的采样技术进展

大气是全球持久性有机污染物(persistent organic polutants,POPs)监测的重要环境介质,大气中POPs的采样技术是准确表征大气中POPs赋存水平的关键所在。近年来大气中POPs的采样技术发展很快。本文介绍了大气中POPs的两类采样方法:主动采样法(active air sampling,AAS)和被动采样法(passive air sampling,PAS),总结了新型吸附材料和新型采样器研发的成果,讨论了不同类型的采样方法的特点,对比分析了不同采样方法获得的POPs监测数据,并提出今后应用不同POPs大气采样技术在监测数据可对比性研究方面值得关注的问题。     

LDPE膜被动采样技术预测模型的建立及其应用

选用3种厚度的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)膜(76,56和25μm)作为研究对象,对辛醇-水分配系数的对数(logKow)>2的有机污染物采用被动采样技术进行膜-水分配系数(Kpew)实测实验和动力学实验,首次建立考虑时间(t),膜厚度(d)和动力学3个因素的LDPE膜 Kpew预测模型.实验结果表明,预测模型得到的Kpew与实测Kpew的相对误差为±0.03,证明了预测模型的准确性和可靠性.Kpew预测模型的建立避免了实验监测Kpew的繁琐实验过程,从而极大地提高了有机污染物的监测效率.将预测模型Kpew值应用于浑河与东洲河有机污染物质的监测,监测结果进一步表明了预测模型的准确性和实用性.此外本文首次提出了苯系物的Kpew值,对LDPE膜被动采样技术应用的延伸属于突破性进展.