甲苯二胺对厌氧微生物活性的影响

以相对产甲烷活性(RA)和COD去除率为指标,考察不同浓度甲苯二胺对厌氧污泥微生物活性的影响。实验结果表明:甲苯二胺质量浓度为0~150 mg/L时,RA接近100%甚至高于100%,COD去除率为91%~93%,与对照组无差别,对厌氧微生物几乎没有抑制作用;当甲苯二胺质量浓度为200~400 mg/L时,RA为75%~95%,COD去除率与对照组相比下降了2~6个百分点,属于轻度抑制;当甲苯二胺质量浓度高于400 mg/L时,RA在70%以下,COD去除率降至85%以下,属于中度抑制;且随着甲苯二胺质量浓度增大,RA减小、COD去除率减小,抑制作用增强。因此,为了防止甲苯二胺对厌氧污泥微生物活性的抑制,甲苯二胺质量浓度应控制在0~150 mg/L。     

Impact of litter removal on soil characteristics under a Pinus caribaea stand

ABSTRACT

Forest productivity is dependent on soil quality, which in turn is related to litter; yet there is limited understanding of the relationships between litter and soil quality. The effects of litter removal treatment on tree growth and soil properties were examined in a Pinus caribaea stand with the aim of providing an understanding of consequences of litter removal on soil patterns. This knowledge is important for planning appropriate long-term forest management. Three pairs of 30 × 30 m² plots (each pair a control and treatment) were established in the center of a P. caribaea stand in April 2002. The controls were left undisturbed with an intact litter layer, while litter was removed monthly from treated plots. The diameter and height of the P. caribaea decreased and soil quality was degraded over the experimental period in litter-removed (treated) plots. Litter removal also produced a significant increase in soil bulk density at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths. The capillary porosity, capillary moisture capacity, and natural water content in controls at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths were significantly greater than treated plots. The non-capillary porosity in controls at the 0–20 cm depth was also significantly higher than treated plots. The organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K) and alkalized N content in each layer, and available P and exchangeable K at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths in control plots were significantly greater than litter-removed plots. The numbers of bacteria at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths and of fungi at 20–40 and 40–60 cm depths were higher in control than treated plots. The number of actinomyces and urease, catalase, and acid phosphatase activities in controls at each depth were significantly greater than litter-removed plots.     

污染水体的总抗氧化能力生物标志物研究

以无污染饲养鲫鱼为监测生物,采取主动生物监测法(ABM)对太湖北部梅梁湖与贡湖污染区进行生物监测,并分析各监测点常规水质指标及表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)与重金属含量,同时定期(7,14,2,28d)采集生物样,分析鲫鱼大脑组织及肌肉组织中总抗氧化能力(TAOC)活性.结果表明,鲫鱼脑组织TAOC活性比肌肉组织TAOC活性值高出约4倍,并且对污染物协迫反应敏感.实验第14d开始,脑组织TAOC呈显著诱导效应(P<0.05),最大值出现在PCBs污染严重的梅梁湖4号站点,相比参照点活性增加62.19%.其次是重金属污染严重的梅梁湖3号监测点,而污染最小的贡湖1号监测点TAOC变化较小.肌肉组织中TAOC对污染物反应不敏感,不适合作微污染区生物标志物.     

海洋微藻脲酶活性测定方法的实验研究

为进一步了解海洋微藻对尿素的吸收和利用机制,揭示水体尿素浓度升高对近海浮游植物群落演替的潜在影响及对近海有害藻类水华(HABs)形成的促进作用,对海洋微藻脲酶活性的测定方法进行了研究.以典型赤潮藻东海原甲藻为实验材料,在Peers方法的基础上,探讨了失活处理时间、提取液pH值、酶促反应温度以及微藻生长阶段对脲酶活性的影响.结果表明,失活处理时间、提取液pH值、酶促反应温度以及微藻所处的生长阶段都对微藻的脲酶活性具有显著影响.海洋微藻脲酶活性的最佳测定条件为:100℃下失活处理时间 > 2min;提取液pH值7.9;反应温度应与微藻生长温度一致;指数生长初期的藻体具有较高的酶活,而平台期后酶活趋于稳定.     

Behavioral games involving a clever prey avoiding a clever predator: An individual-based model of dusky dolphins and killer whales

Faced with an intermittent but potent threat, animals exhibit behavior that allows them to balance foraging needs and avoid predators and over time, these behaviors can become hard-wired adaptations with both species trying to maximize their own fitness. In systems where both predator and prey share similar sensory modalities and cognitive abilities, such as with marine mammals, the dynamic nature of predator-prey interactions is poorly understood. The costs and benefits of these anti-predator adaptations need to be evaluated and quantified based on the dynamic engagement of predator and prey. Many theoretic models have addressed the complexity of predator-prey relationships, but few have translated into testable mechanistic models. In this study, we developed a spatially-explicit, geo-referenced, individual-based model of a prototypical adult dusky dolphin off Kaikoura, New Zealand facing a more powerful, yet infrequent predator, the killer whale. We were interested in two primary objectives, (1) to capture the varying behavioral game between a clever prey and clever predator based on our current understanding of the Kaikoura system, (2) to compare evolutionary costs vs. benefits (foraging time and number of predator encounters) for an adult non-maternal dusky dolphin at various levels of killer whale-avoidance behaviors and no avoidance rules. We conducted Monte Carlo simulations to address model performance and parametric uncertainty. Mantel tests revealed an 88% correlation (426 × 426 distance matrix, km²) between observed field sightings of dusky dolphins with model generated sightings for non-maternal adult dusky dolphin groups. Simulation results indicated that dusky dolphins incur a 2.7% loss in feeding time by evolving the anti-predator behavior of moving to and from the feeding grounds. Further, each evolutionary strategy we explored resulted in dolphins incurring an additional loss of foraging time. At low killer whale densities (appearing less than once every 3 days), each evolutionary strategy simulated converged towards the evolutionary cost of foraging, that is, the loss in foraging time approached the 2.7% loss experienced by evolving near shore-offshore movement behavior. However, the highest level of killer whale presence resulted in 38% decreases in foraging time. The biological significance of these losses potentially incurred by a dusky dolphin is dependent on various factors from dolphin group foraging behavior and individual energy needs to dolphin prey availability and behavior.     

VA菌根对喀斯特草本群落植物根际养分影响研究

以贵州花江喀斯特高原生态综合治理试验示范区内草本群落阶段的几种主要植物为材料,对其根际微生态环境进行了研究,包括根际土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性和VA菌根侵染率及AMF孢子密度。结果表明：VA菌根侵染率和根际土壤中AMF孢子密度存在极显著正相关,相关系数达到0.97;不同植物根际土壤的化学指标和土壤酶活性均表现出较强的根际效应,即R/S〉1;VA菌根侵染率与pH值存在显著负相关,与有效磷质量分数存在极显著正相关,与碱性磷酸酶存在显著正相关,说明VA菌根能够促进土壤中难溶态磷往有效磷方向转化;AMF对宿主植物的侵染能够在一定程度上改善根际微生态环境的营养状况。     

近地层臭氧浓度升高对麦田土壤氨氧化与反硝化细菌活性的影响

利用臭氧FACE(free-air O3concentration enrichment,开放式空气臭氧浓度增高)试验平台,研究近地层臭氧浓度(臭氧摩尔分数平均为70 nmol.mol-1)升高对小麦不同生育期植株氮吸收量,土壤w(全氮)、w(矿质氮)、脲酶活性、氨氧化细菌数量、反硝化细菌数量以及小麦成熟期土壤硝化与反硝化作用强度的影响。结果表明,与对照(臭氧摩尔分数平均为45 nmol.mol-1)相比,臭氧浓度升高条件下小麦不同生育期氮吸收量总体趋于升高,土壤w(全氮)、w(铵态氮)和w(硝态氮)总体趋于下降,在小麦成熟期土壤w(全氮)和w(铵态氮)分别比对照下降9%和71%(P0.05),而w(硝态氮)比对照下降36%;臭氧浓度升高使小麦不同生育期土壤脲酶活性总体趋于增强,在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期均显著高于对照(P0.05);随着小麦的生长,臭氧熏蒸土壤氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌数量也趋于升高,在小麦成熟期均显著高于对照(P0.05)。在小麦成熟期,尽管臭氧熏蒸土壤单个氨氧化细菌的硝化活性比对照下降57%,但土壤整体硝化强度却比对照提高123%;臭氧熏蒸土壤反硝化作用强度与对照相比无明显差异,但单个反硝化细菌的反硝化活性却比对照降低96%,达显著水平(P0.05)。认为臭氧浓度升高促进了小麦对土壤氮素的吸收,导致土壤氮素库存量降低,进而加快了土壤中氮素的转化,表现为脲酶活性升高,氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌数量增加,但它们的代谢活性反而下降。     

保存温度及时间对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

通过改变保存温度和时间,研究了厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的变化规律以及污泥活性恢复能力.结果表明,保存温度、时间对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性影响显著.常温(15±2)℃、低温(5±2)℃对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性影响较小,而中温(30±2)℃、冷冻(-20±2)℃都会使其活性大幅降低,甚至消失.在保存的前30d厌氧氨氧化污泥活性迅速下降,然后趋于缓慢.根据衰减指数模型推出常温状态下衰减指数为0.0324,相对于其他温度最小.并根据保存温度、时间对其影响的特点提出了合适的保存方法,使得厌氧氨氧化污泥的活性能够在较短时间内得到恢复.     

神经网络法应用于酚类化合物对青海弧菌毒性的预测

青海弧菌对有毒酚类化合物具有强烈的敏感性,为建立酚类衍生物对青海弧菌毒性的定量结构-活性相关性(QSAR)模型,分析了16种酚类衍生物的分子结构与对青海弧菌毒性之间的相关关系,计算了酚类衍生物的分子连接性指数和分子形状指数,并优化筛选了分子连接性指数的1阶路径指数(~1χ)和分子形状指数的2阶特征指数(K_2)及1阶和2阶指数乘积值(K_4),用这3种指数与对青海弧菌的毒性进行多元回归分析,多元回归方程的决定系数R~2=0.971。为进一步提高预测精度,将这3种分子结构参数作为神经网络的输入变量,毒性值作为输出变量,采用3:2:1的网络结构,通过反向传播(BP)神经网络法获得满意的QSAR预测模型,总的相关系数r为0.996,计算得到的毒性预测值与实验值较为吻合,平均相对误差仅为1.98%,结果表明该模型具有良好的预测酚类衍生物毒性的能力,可以看出神经网络方法对酚类化合物发光菌毒性预测比多元线性回归方法的统计学意义更加明显。     

长江中下游环境激素效应的污染特征及生态风险

生活污水和养殖废水排放导致受纳水环境中激素类物质的污染,对水生生物产生不利影响。分别利用嵌入雌激素受体和雄激素受体的基因重组酵母菌测定了长江中下游流域不同时期水体和沉积物中4种环境激素效应,即雌激素效应、抗雌激素效应、雄激素效应和抗雄激素效应。结果表明,雌激素效应污染最为普遍,在地表水和沉积物中检出率均超过50%,水体和沉积物的最高浓度分别为2.05 ng·L~(-1)雌二醇当量(EEQ)和0.43 ng EEQ·g~(-1)。其他3种激素效应在水体和沉积物介质中的检出率均低于雌激素效应,按总体检出率来看:抗雄激素效应雄激素效应抗雌激素效应,3种激素效应在水体中最大检出浓度分别为144μg·L~(-1)氟他胺当量(FEQ)、37.9 ng·L~(-1)二氢睾酮当量(DEQ)和103μg·L~(-1)他莫西芬当量(TEQ),在沉积物中分别为53.6μg FEQ·g~(-1)、12.0 ng DEQ·g-1和51.5μg TEQ·g~(-1)。环境激素效应的浓度分布在水体中均呈现季节性的差异,雌激素效应的区域性高值位于武汉段、鄱阳湖口和芜湖-南京段,其他3种激素效应没有明显的高污染区域。环境激素效应与当地人口数量、有机质、氨氮等呈现一定相关性,表明环境激素效应与人类活动排放密切相关。雌激素效应仅在鄱阳湖口点位具有高风险,其他区域为中等风险,雄激素效应无高风险区域。研究结果有助于认识长江中下游区域的环境激素效应污染态势,为相关污染控制提供基础数据。