人工增雨（雪）效果评估方法探索

人工增雨（雪）常用的评估方法为统计检验和物理检验,统计检验需要大量试验样本,且随机化试验在我国难以实现,大量样本无从获得。物理检验目前主要是雷达观测演变状况和飞机直接观测云内微物理参数,由于技术和能力有限,这些方法都难以实现。为了在人工影响天气作业后尽快得出评估结果供政府及环境保护等部门参考,利用雨滴谱记录数据对一次人工增雪作业后的效果进行了评估,发现这些数据在没有常规降雪记录情况下具有一定的参考价值。从评估结果看,人工增雪作业后,降水强度有明显增大的趋势。     

The Effect of Grain Size and Element Concentration in Identifying Contaminant Sources

The distribution of metal contaminants between different size fractions of marine sediments is well known. However, the use of size normalization techniques may alter the ability or usefulness in identifying potential sources in complex environments. In a reassessment of metal data from the shelf area of Sydney, Australia, the mud and sand fractions were investigated separately by PCA and PLS methodologies. The analyses were able to produce clear distinctions between industrial/urban sources when based on a suite of metals rather than individual (single-element) concentrations. Signature analysis by PLS with copper, lead, zinc, manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, and cadmium demonstrated the dispersion of the fine-grained contaminated material to the south in the East Australian Current. However, due to the commonality between many of the metals, a subset of four metals was used to define the signature. This significantly improved separation, showing clear plumes extending ～30 km from the source rivers.     

Particle number size distribution and new particle formation: New characteristics during the special pollution control period in Beijing

New particle formation is a key process in shaping the size distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere.We present here the measurement results of number and size distribution of aerosol particles (10-1...     

Size distributions of aerosol and water-soluble ions in Nanjing during a crop residual burning event

To investigate the impact on urban air pollution by crop residual burning outside Nanjing, aerosol concentration, pollution gas concentration, mass concentration, and water-soluble ion size distribution were observed during one event of November 4-9, 2010. Results show that the size distribution of aerosol concentration is bimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 60-70 and 200-300 nm, respectively. Aerosol concentration is 10⁴ cm^-3. nm^-1 on pollution days. The peak value of spectrum distribution of aerosol concentration on pollution days is 1.5-3.3 times higher than that on a normal day. Crop residual burning has a great impact on the concentration of fine particles. Diurnal variation of aerosol concentration is trimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 03:00, 09:00 and 19:00 local standard time. The first peak is impacted by meteorological elements, while the second and third peaks are due to human activities, such as rush hour traffic. Crop residual burning has the greatest impact on SO₂ concentration, followed by NO₂, O₃ is hardly affected. The impact of crop residual burning on fine particles (< 2.1 μm) is larger than on coarse particles (> 2.1 μm), thus ion concentration in fine particles is higher than that in coarse particles. Crop residual burning leads to similar increase in all ion components, thus it has a small impact on the water-soluble ions order. Crop residual burning has a strong impact on the size distribution of K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, and F^- and has a weak impact on the size distributions of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-.     

千岛湖水体氮的垂向分布特征及来源解析

选取千岛湖水深0.2,5,10,20,30和40m处水样进行分析,利用氮氧同位素和稳定同位素模型（SIAR）研究千岛湖水体氮（N）的垂向分布特征,分析水体N的来源并计算各N源的贡献率.结果表明,硝酸盐（NO₃^-）和溶解性有机氮（DON）是千岛湖水体总溶解氮（TDN）的主要形式,分别占溶解态N的57.9%和39.7%.千岛湖水体δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-的平均值分别为4.5‰和4.3‰.上层水体（0~10m）中,硝化作用和浮游植物的同化作用共同控制水体N的形态组成和氮氧同位素值（δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-）的变化.中层水体（10~30m）中,硝化作用是主要的生物地球化学过程,使得水体NO₃^-含量增加而δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-值减小.底层水体（30~40m）受到硝化作用、底泥N释放和反硝化作用的共同影响.化肥是千岛湖水体NO₃^-的最主要来源,在S1和S2处的贡献率分别为51.9%和30.6%.新安江上游的农业面源污染使得S1处化肥贡献率远高于S2.土壤N是仅次于化肥的第二大水体NO₃^-来源,在S1和S2处的贡献率分别为17.8%和27.8%.此外,底泥对底层水体NO₃^-的贡献不可忽视.     

Application of interface material and effects of oxygen gradient on the performance of single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells (SSMFCs)

Single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells(SSMFCs) have received considerable attention nowadays because of their unique dual-functionality of power generation and enhancement of wastewater treatment performance. Thus, scaling up or upgrading SSMFCs for enhanced and efficient performance is a highly crucial task. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, an innovative physical technique of using interface layers with four different pore sizes embedded in the middle of SSMFCs was utilized in this study.Experimental results showed that the performance of SSMFCs employing an interface layer was improved regardless of the pore size of the interface material, compared to those without such layers. The use of an interface layer resulted in a positive and significant effect on the performance of SSMFCs because of the effective prevention of oxygen diffusion from the cathode to the anode. Nevertheless, when a smaller pore size interface was utilized, better power performance and COD degradation were observed. A maximum power density of 0.032 mW/m~2 and COD degradation of 47.3% were obtained in the case of an interface pore size of 0.28 μm. The findings in this study are of significance to promote the future practical application of SSMFCs in wastewater treatment plants.     

鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素时空分布格局及其与理化和生物因子的关系

本文分别于2012年4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2013年1月(冬季)在鄱阳湖进行了4次野外调查和样品采集,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)对鄱阳湖水柱中常见的3种微囊藻毒素(MC-RR、MC-YR和MCLR)的质量浓度进行定量分析,探寻了微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)质量浓度的时空变化规律及其与湖泊环境理化因子和生物因子之间的关系.结果表明,MC-RR是鄱阳湖MCs的主要毒素种类.胞内微囊藻毒素(intracellular MCs,IMCs)与微囊藻生物量(r=0.47,P0.01)、颤藻生物量(r=0.68,P0.01)、蓝藻生物量(r=0.56,P0.01)、Chl-a(r=0.28,P0.01)之间均具有显著的正相关关系,但与鱼腥藻生物量之间没有明显的相关关系(P0.05),这说明微囊藻和颤藻是鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素的主要产毒藻类.IMCs与水温(r=0.51,P0.01)、透明度(r=0.69,P0.01)、Fe(r=0.43,P0.01)和Zn(r=0.43,P0.01)之间均呈现显著的正相关关系,与TN(r=-0.44,P0.01)、TP(r=-0.29,P0.01)、NO-2-N(r=-0.28,P0.05)、NH+4-N(r=-0.33,P0.05)、Ca(r=-0.34,P0.01)和Mg(r=-0.35,P0.05)均呈现显著的负相关关系,但与pH、PO3-4-P、NO-3-N、电导率、高锰酸盐指数、Cu离子之间的相关关系不显著(P0.05),这说明光照强度(透明度反映)、氮、磷、水温是控制鄱阳湖微囊藻毒素产生的重要因子,金属离子Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn在一定程度上能影响微囊藻毒素的产生.鄱阳湖IMCs和胞外微囊藻毒素(extracellular MCs,EMCs)呈现相似的季节变化趋势,即夏季最高,其次为秋季,冬季和春季较低.鄱阳湖IMCs的空间分布整体上呈现东部湖汊群、松门山周围以及蚌湖和蚌湖进入鄱阳湖的入湖口较高,其它区域较低的趋势,而EMCs的高值区位于松门山周围和蚌湖及其入湖口.     

霾与非霾期间汞在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征

在我国高速经济增长过程中,霾污染日趋突出,同时大气汞污染也十分严重,而颗粒汞对于汞在大气中的循环演化意义重大.为了探讨霾污染期间汞在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布特征,采用Nano-moudi 12级(6.2~9.9μm、3.1~6.2μm,1.8~3.1μm、1.0~1.8μm、0.56~1.0μm、0.32~0.56μm、0.18~0.32μm、0.10~0.18μm,0.056~0.10μm、0.032~0.056μm、0.018~0.032μm、0.010~0.018μm)大气颗粒物采样器,对上海霾与非霾期间不同粒径大气颗粒物中的汞进行分析.结果表明,颗粒态汞含量与颗粒物含量正相关;采样期间霾天颗粒态汞平均浓度0.31 ng·m-3是非霾天颗粒态汞平均浓度0.11 ng·m-3的2~3倍;霾和非霾天颗粒态汞浓度以及颗粒物质量浓度随粒径分布呈双峰型,霾期间峰值分别出现在0.56~1.0μm粒径段和3.1~6.2μm粒径段,而非霾期峰值分别出现在0.32~0.56μm和3.1~6.2μm粒径段;霾天较非霾天颗粒态汞和颗粒物的粒径分布均出现了向大粒径方向偏移;颗粒态汞主要分布在粒径≤1μm粒子上,能够长时间停留和长距离输送;非霾期间颗粒态汞在颗粒物中的平均含量为0.029 ng·μg-1,而霾期间为0.015 ng·μg-1;霾污染过程中其他污染物迅速成长,而汞成长较慢;霾天积聚核模态粒子中颗粒态汞质量浓度为2.06 ng·m-3,而非霾天为0.55 ng·m-3,积聚态颗粒物的大幅增加,是灰霾形成的主要原因.本地源燃煤等的排放以及风沙扬尘的增加和外地源的输送是导致霾天污染严重的重要原因.     

重庆市煤矸山周边农产品镉健康风险评价及土壤环境基准值推导

以重庆市煤矸山周边农用地土壤和农产品（玉米和水稻）为研究对象,测定土壤和农产品（玉米和水稻）中Cd含量,评估摄入农产品（玉米和水稻）对人体的潜在健康风险,并基于物种敏感性分布法（SSD）推导土壤环境基准值.结果表明,重庆煤矸山周边旱地土壤Cd含量超风险筛选值的点位占55.8%,水田土壤Cd含量超风险筛选值的点位占31.6%,土壤Cd以较高生态危害和高生态危害为主,分别占47.4%和36.8%.玉米Cd含量超标点位占4.4%,水稻Cd含量均未超标.健康风险评价表明因食用玉米和水稻摄入Cd的非致癌健康风险可忽略,食用玉米摄入Cd存在可耐受致癌健康风险,食用水稻摄入Cd存在不可耐受致癌健康风险,且玉米和水稻Cd含量敏感度最高.SSD推导出煤矸山周边旱地土壤在pH≤5.5、5.57.5时Cd的环境基准值分别为0.491、0.382、0.376和0.588 mg ·kg^-1,水田土壤Cd的环境基准值为0.807 mg ·kg^-1.水田土壤和旱地土壤pH≤7.5时,现行土壤标准（GB 15618-2018）相对偏严;旱地土壤pH>7.5时,现行土壤标准（GB 15618-2018）相对偏宽松.应加强煤矸山周边土壤Cd污染防治和农产品安全利用研究,并对土壤Cd环境基准值进行适当调整.     

南京近郊农田大气颗粒物及金属干沉降输入特征

大气颗粒物中重金属干沉降输入是农业区域重金属的重要来源之一,但当前对农业区大气重金属沉降的观测研究较少.通过对南京近郊典型稻麦轮作区定点连续1 a采样,分析了不同粒径大气颗粒物和其中10种金属元素的浓度,并利用大叶模型估算其干沉降通量.结果表明,颗粒物浓度和干沉降通量均呈现冬春高、夏秋低的变化趋势;冬春季颗粒物污染为粗粒子(2.1～9.0μm)和细粒子(<2.1μm)的双重作用,而夏秋季则主要为细粒子的作用;金属元素浓度在巨粒子(>9.0μm)中占比最低,在粗粒子和细粒子中相当,而Pb、 Mn、 As和Cd在细粒子中占比较高;10种金属元素的年均干沉降通量[mg·(m²·a)^-1]大小为：Ca(2 096.4)>Al(1 710.4)>Zn(855.0)>Fe(256.1)>Pb(40.35)>Cu(31.93)>V(26.21)>Mn(9.10)>As(2.48)>Cd(0.28).研究结果为更加全面地认识人类活动对农产品质量安全和土壤生态环境的影响提供参考依据.