上海大气颗粒物中无机离子的粒径分布及其季节变化

为深入理解上海大气颗粒物的污染特征和来源,于2016年8月—2017年4月使用微孔撞击式采样器(MOUDI)采集了上海市不同季节18μm以下11个不同粒径段的大气颗粒物样品44套,采用双通道离子色谱对颗粒物中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等无机离子组分进行了定量分析,研究了主要离子的浓度、粒径分布及其季节变化特征.结果表明,1.8μm的细颗粒中离子总浓度平均值在春、夏、秋、冬季采样期间分别为13.46、4.97、6.72和16.54μg·m-3,存在显著的季节变化,1.8μm的粗颗粒中离子总浓度平均值分别为4.65、3.78、5.90和4.14μg·m-3,季节变化不明显.上海大气颗粒物中SO2-4和NH+4呈单峰型粒径分布,峰值粒径由夏季的0.32～0.56μm逐渐转变为冬季的0.56～1.0μm,说明夏季时SO2-4的形成方式以气相/非均相反应为主,而冬季时以云过程为主;冬、春季时NO-3以细颗粒态为主,而夏、秋季时在3.2～5.6μm的粗颗粒出现峰值,夏、秋季较高的大气温度使得硝酸铵的气-粒平衡更偏向于气态,细颗粒态硝酸铵的浓度较低,硝酸气体与碳酸盐或海盐反应生成的粗颗粒态硝酸盐的比例因而大幅增加; K+主要存在于细颗粒中,峰值粒径为0.32～0.56μm,夏、秋季时3.2～5.6μm的粗颗粒中有较高浓度; Cl-以粗颗粒态为主,而冬、春季时在0.32～0.56μm和0.56～1.0μm的颗粒物中出现峰值,燃煤等人为过程为其主要来源.阴、阳离子平衡分析表明,除夏季外,上海的大气颗粒物呈现微弱的酸性,但0.056～0.32μm细颗粒中阴离子有明显的缺失,未定量的有机酸及浓度过低时离子色谱响应的非线性可能是导致0.056～0.32μm细颗粒中离子平衡发生显著改变的原因.研究结果可为上海大气颗粒物来源及形成机理研究提供重要的信息.     

北京夏冬季霾天气下气溶胶水溶性离子粒径分布特征

为研究北京夏、冬季霾粒子中水溶性离子的粒径谱分布,并进一步分析其来源及形成机制,于2009年夏季和冬季利用惯性撞击式8级采样器(Andersen)和石英微量振荡天平(TEOM)对北京城区大气气溶胶分别进行了为期2周的连续采样和监测,并用离子色谱(IC)对气溶胶中的水溶性离子进行了分析.结果表明,夏季霾天PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度分别为(245.5±8.4)μg.m-3和(120.2±2.0)μg.m-3,冬季霾天对应的数值分别为(384.2±30.2)μg.m-3和(252.7±47.1)μg.m-3,无论夏季还是冬季,霾天大气细粒子污染均十分严重.细粒子中总水溶性离子(TWSS)的浓度霾天远高于对照天,其中霾天浓度上升较快的是SO24-、NO3-和NH4+,二次无机离子对霾天气的形成过程扮演重要作用.除NO3-外,其余7种水溶性离子夏、冬季霾天粒径谱分布一致,即,SO24-、NH4+主要分布于PM1.0以下的细粒子模态,Mg2+、Ca2+主要分布于PM2.5以上的粗粒子模态,Na+、Cl-和K+呈双模态分布;夏季霾天NO3-呈双模态分布,而冬季则主要分布于细粒子中.夏季霾天SO24-的平均质量中值粒径(MMAD)为0.64μm,SO24-主要来自远程SO2的云内反应,并且SO2表观转化率(SOR)高于对照天,使得霾天光化学反应生成的细粒子远远高于对照天气过程;冬季霾天SO24-的MMAD增至0.89μm,冬季因局地SO2排放并被非均相化学反应过程氧化为SO24-亦为北京大气细粒子的重要来源.夏、冬季霾天NO3-的MMAD分别为2.85μm和0.80μm,受到温度的影响,NO3-夏、冬季节分别以硝酸钙和硝酸铵的形式存在于粗、细粒子中.     

青岛霾天气下大气汞的污染特征分析

2013年1月14~17日青岛市经历了一次大范围的霾污染过程,采集并测定大气气态汞和颗粒态汞,研究汞的污染特征.结果表明,气态汞(TGM)的平均浓度为(2.8±0.9)ng/m3,颗粒汞(PHg)的平均浓度为(245±174)pg/m3.在霾发生的14、15日PHg/TSP的比值明显高于16、17日,且TGM与PHg浓度呈负相关关系,霾日气象条件有利于TGM向PHg转化.大气汞浓度与温度、相对湿度正相关,与风速负相关.TGM与SO2、NO2显著正相关,化石燃料的燃烧是大气汞的主要来源.对大气气团的后向轨迹进行聚类分析,将其分为5类,霾日大气中的汞主要来自近距离传输,受山东本地污染影响,气态汞含量最高.     

上海霾与非霾期间大气颗粒物光学特性垂直分布特征和质量浓度对比研究

采用美国国家航空航天局的云-气溶胶激光雷达红外开拓者卫星搭载的正交极化云-气溶胶激光雷达数据产品,包括消光系数、光学厚度、总后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,结合地面监测的颗粒物质量浓度,分析上海大气相对湿度小于80%霾发生期间气溶胶光学属性的垂直分布特征和颗粒物质量浓度变化,并与非霾期间进行比较.结果表明:霾期间532 nm和1064 nm消光系数在垂直高度上(海拔:0~10 km)均大于非霾期间,且大多数霾期间颗粒物在整层大气的光学厚度大于非霾期间.在近地面,霾期间大气颗粒物散射能力大于非霾期间.各垂直高度层,霾与非霾期间小粒径和规则气溶胶占主导地位.霾期间近地面大粒径颗粒物在霾期间所占比例大于非霾期间;2.0~4.0 km高度层,霾和非霾期间细颗粒所占比例接近;4.0~10.0 km高度层,霾期间细颗粒气溶胶所占比例大于非霾期间.PM1、PM2.5和PM10质量浓度在霾期间均大于非霾期间,且霾期间细颗粒物所占比例明显增加.颗粒物质量浓度和比值PM1/PM2.5和PM2.5/PM10分别随霾污染程度的加重而升高.冬季颗粒物质量浓度最高,主要来自细颗粒物的贡献;而春季PM10质量浓度高于其它季节.     

石家庄秋季一次典型霾污染过程水溶性离子粒径分布特征

为研究石家庄秋季典型霾污染过程中颗粒物水溶性离子的粒径谱分布,并进一步分析其来源及形成机制,于2013年10月15日到11月14日利用惯性撞击式8级采样器(Andersen)对石家庄城区大气颗粒物进行了为期一个月的连续采样,并使用离子色谱仪对观测期间一次霾污染过程颗粒物中8种水溶性无机离子(Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))进行了分析.结果表明,石家庄秋季颗粒物污染严重,采样期间PM10和PM2.5日均值分别达到(361.2±138.7)μg·m~(-3)和(175.6±87.2)μg·m-3,PM_(2.5)日均值达到国家环境空气质量二级标准的2.3倍.此次污染过程,优良天、轻/中度污染天和重度污染天总悬浮颗粒物中总水溶性无机离子(TWSII)浓度日均值分别为(64.4±4.6)、(109.9±22.0)和(212.9±50.1)μg·m-3,由优良天过渡到重度污染天,总水溶性无机离子中二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+)的比例由44.9%上升至77.6%,此次的霾污染过程主要来源于二次无机离子的生成和积累.优良天,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+呈现双模态分布,峰值分别出现在0.43~0.65μm和4.7~5.8μm,而在轻/中度污染天和重度污染天,逐渐转变为单模态分布,峰值出现在0.65~1.1μm,随着高湿度下液相反应的加剧,二次无机离子由凝结模态向液滴模态转移的迹象明显.Na+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)这3种离子在优良天、轻/中度污染天和重度污染天的粒径分布相似,均以粗模态形式存在,在4.7~5.8μm出现峰值;K~+、Cl~-在优良天、轻/中度污染天和重度污染天均为双峰分布,但峰值出现的粒径段有所改变.     

大气微小颗粒物中汞的污染特性初步研究

采用分级采样器采集大气中微小颗粒物中的汞,用冷原子吸收测汞仪分析。结果表明,颗粒态汞浓度随粒径分布呈双峰型,2个峰值分别出现在粒径1.0μm和4.0μm左右,与水溶性离子,碳含量的粒径分布基本一致。PM_(1.6)、PM_(8)和TSP中颗粒态汞的浓度分别为0.150、0.273、0.429ng/m~3,汞的质量分数分别为3.75.1.09、1.07μg/g,高于背景参考值;结果还表明,颗粒态汞主要集中在细颗粒中。通过正态概率分布测算,PM_(1.6)、PM_(6)中汞主要来自于1个主体源;PM_(1.6)中汞的浓度与硫酸根离子呈显著性相关,而与硝酸根离子、氯离子则不显著相关:说明颗粒物中汞的主要来源可能与燃煤有关。     

南京北郊冬春季气溶胶数浓度变化特征分析

使用APS-3321对2014年南京北郊冬春季0.5~20μm粒径段大气气溶胶数浓度进行了较长时间的连续观测,对其变化特征进行了分析.观测期间南京北郊冬、春季大气气溶胶平均数浓度分别为(364.8±297.8)个·cm~(-3)和(79.6±62.4)个·cm~(-3),细粒子(0.5~1.0μm)分别占整个观测粒径段数浓度的87.8%和86.6%,在不同时间段,数浓度变化很大.南京北郊数浓度具有明显的日变化特征,夜晚浓度高,白天浓度低,冬季07:00和春季09:00达到早高峰,冬季17:00和春季18:00数浓度开始迅速增加.数浓度粒径谱分布冬季为单峰型,峰值粒径在0.583~0.626μm之间,春季峰值粒径小于0.542μm,冬季峰值粒径大于春季.随着相对湿度的增加气溶胶数浓度不断增加,同时峰值粒径向较大粒径方向偏移,体现了吸湿增长对气溶胶粒径谱分布的影响.观测期间,霾天比例高达83.3%,随着霾污染加重,在小于2.0μm的粒径段数浓度显著增加且冬季更为明显;春季,细粒子比例随霾的加重而增加,但冬季由于气溶胶老化导致大粒径粒子浓度显著增大,重度霾天时,细粒子比例有所降低.对1月典型污染过程的分析表明,气团来源与地面风向存在很好的对应关系,苏北近距离污染输送和地面小风造成的污染物累积是此次重污染过程形成的重要原因.     

青岛不同强度霾天气溶胶中二次无机离子的生成及粒径分布

于2015年9月至2016年2月在青岛近海连续收集了大气气溶胶分级样品,用离子色谱法分析了其中的水溶性无机离子组分,并讨论了不同强度霾天下气溶胶中二次无机组分的粒径分布,初步探索了霾天SNA的形成过程和影响因素.结果表明,气溶胶中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、NO_2~-和Cl~-的质量浓度变化范围分别是10.32~193.46、4.42~74.05、2.21~57.75、0.05~2.22和1.35~17.39μg·m~(-3),且SNA的质量浓度随霾污染程度的加剧明显增加.与非霾天相比,轻微、轻度、中度和重度霾天与非霾天相比,NO_3~-的质量浓度分别增加了55%、77%、240%和537%;SO_4~(2-)的质量浓度分别增加了4.7%、35%、77%和262%;NH_4~+的质量浓度分别增加了72%、83%、201%和526%.细粒径上的NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)与其气态前体物NO_2、SO_2均有显著相关性,且与相对湿度、能见度、风速等气象条件相关性较好,说明细粒径SNA的生成是造成霾天能见度下降,形成空气污染的主要原因之一,同时,高浓度前体物、较大相对湿度、低风速都是影响霾天形成的重要因素.除轻微霾天外,其他不同强度霾天的SOR(硫氧化率)、NOR(氮氧化率)均大于非霾天,且随着霾程度的加剧,SOR、NOR都有明显的升高,尤其是0.43~0.65μm和0.65~1.1μm粒径段;在重度霾天,氮和硫的转化率平均为非霾天的1.5倍,说明细粒径上的硫酸盐和硝酸盐大部分是气-粒转化而来.NO_3~-、NH_4~+、NO_2~-和SO_4~(2-)主要存在于细粒径段,霾天下在细粒径上的比例都显著增大,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)在严重霾天所占比例最高,分别达到79.4%和74.4%.NO_3~-在非霾、轻微、轻度霾天时均呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm处,中度霾天时细粒子峰值移动到0.65~1.1μm,在重度霾天粒径分布变为0.65~1.1μm的单峰分布.SO_4~(2-)只在非霾条件下呈双峰分布,峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm和2.1~3.3μm粒径段,霾天下均是单峰分布,轻微和轻度霾天下峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm,中度和重度霾天下峰值在0.65~1.1μm处.NH_4~+呈单峰分布,在非霾和轻微霾天下峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,轻度、中度和重度霾天下峰值均出现在0.65~1.1μm粒径段.     

南京北郊大气颗粒物的粒径分布及其影响因素分析

在南京北郊使用FA-3型9级采样器对2014年1~11月颗粒物的粒径分布进行了采样分析.首先将FA-3与中流量分级采样器(KC-120H)和环境保护局在线监测仪器的同期监测结果进行对比,数据相关系数均在0.95以上,对细粒子FA-3分别偏低13.9%和16.6%,而对PM_(10)偏高15.2%和13.3%,但采样偏差在大气采样可接受范围之内,说明其可以对大气颗粒物进行准确分级和采样.南京北郊颗粒物污染严重,PM_(1.1),PM_(2.1)和PM_(10)的年平均浓度分别为(65.6±37.6)、(91.0±54.7)和(168.0±87.0)μg·m-3,污染以细粒子为主,且大部分在1.1μm以下;颗粒物粒径呈双峰分布,峰值位于0.43~0.65μm和9~10μm粒径段;中值粒径为1.83μm,为积聚模态污染.颗粒物粒径分布在冬季细粒径段较高,春季粗粒径段较高,夏季细粒径段降低并不明显,粗粒径段明显低于其他季节;颗粒物浓度的昼夜变化在粗粒径段差异很小,在细粒径段基本表现出夜晚大于白天的特征.除了夏季,降水对各个粒径范围的颗粒物都有清除作用,且在细粒径段表现得更为明显;霾发生时随着霾等级的加重,0.43~2.1μm粒径段颗粒物浓度逐渐增加,该粒径段颗粒物质量浓度与能见度呈显著负相关.以相对湿度70%为界,颗粒物粒径分布发生了明显变化,湿度大于70%后,小于0.43μm粒径段颗粒物质量浓度显著降低,而0.43~2.1μm粒径段明显上升,颗粒物的吸湿增长应是主要原因.南京北郊的气团来源可以分为四类,其中西北方向快速输送的气团最为洁净,细粒径颗粒物浓度明显低于其它方向;本地和周边近距离输送的气团污染最重,粗细粒径颗粒物浓度都较高,其传输距离短,风速小,发生污染的概率最大,达到73.9%,对南京市的空气污染贡献较大.     

西安市冬季霾污染过程生物气溶胶浓度变化及其影响因素研究

生物气溶胶对人体健康的潜在危害不容忽视,但霾污染过程中生物气溶胶变化规律及其影响因素仍不明确.本文利用六级生物气溶胶采样器及大气颗粒物采样器开展了一次典型霾污染过程样品的采集,通过恒温培养测定可培养细菌和真菌浓度,采用4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚（4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI）和LIVE/DEAD BacLightTM试剂染色-荧光显微镜计数方法测定总微生物及死/活细菌浓度,并通过其与颗粒物中水溶性离子、金属元素、气象因素及大气氧化性的关系探讨了生物气溶胶分布的影响因素.结果表明,霾污染过程中,可培养细菌和总微生物在轻度污染时浓度最低,随着污染加重其浓度逐渐升高.可培养真菌浓度在霾发生初期大幅增加,平均浓度为污染发生前2.5倍.活菌和死菌浓度在霾过程均呈现先急剧下降后逐渐上升的趋势.可培养细菌粒径分布在霾污染过程中呈现偏态分布（0.65～1.1μm,除中度污染外）和双峰分布（> 7.0μm和1.1～2.1μm,中度污染）,可培养真菌粒径在整个污染过程中呈单峰分布,峰值分别为0.65～1.1μm（污染发生前、中度污染和污染结束）和1.1～2...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.