深圳市秋季大气OH自由基总反应性测量及其构成分析

羟基自由基(·OH)总反应性(k_(OH))是大气中所有·OH反应物的浓度与其·OH反应速率常数乘积的总和,对k_(OH)的直接测量有助于识别未知的·OH反应物种及提升·OH收支分析的准确度.因此,本研究建立了一套基于激光光解-激光诱导荧光技术的k_(OH)在线测量系统(LP-LIF),利用紫外脉冲激光在流动管内光解臭氧产生·OH,采用激光诱导荧光技术实时测量其与采样进入流动管的活性气体反应而导致的·OH浓度衰减,通过对该衰减进行指数拟合得到采样气的k_(OH).经实验室测试,LP-LIF系统对k_(OH)的测量灵敏度为1.2 s~(-1),时间分辨率5 min.应用该系统对2018年秋季深圳地区的大气k_(OH)进行为期1个月的连续测量,结合同步观测的·OH反应物浓度数据发现,k_(OH)观测值在10～30 s~(-1)之间,主要来自一氧化碳(14%)、氮氧化物(26%)和一次排放的挥发性有机物(24%).此外,由未测量的·OH反应物贡献的k_(OH)平均约23%,且在夜间和早晚高峰时段贡献较高,推测其主要来自溶剂涂料、石化工业及LPG机动车排放.     

南京北郊秋季VOCs及其光化学特征观测研究

采用GC5000挥发性有机物在线监测系统和EMS系统,于2011年11月在南京北郊开展了为期一个月的连续观测,分别测量了大气中56种VOCs组分和反应性气体(NOx、CO和O3).结果表明,南京北郊的VOCs小时平均体积分数大约在48.17×10-9,日变化呈明显双峰型特征,受机动车影响比较显著,极小值出现在下午16:00,白天与O3浓度曲线呈负相关;VOCs的平均OH消耗速率常数约为3.26×10-12cm3.(molecule.s)-1,最大增量反应活性约为3.26 mol·mol-1;烯烃对OH消耗速率(LOH)和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)贡献率最大,芳香烃次之,而烷烃在大气中含量最为丰富,却并不是LOH和OFP主要贡献者;VOCs关键活性组分是乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、间,对-二甲苯及异戊二烯等物质;臭氧生成过程处于VOCs控制区.     

氧化亚铜和氢氧化铜对苦草抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素含量的影响

研究了不同浓度氧化亚铜和氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂染毒对苦草叶片抗氧化酶〔超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化物酶(POD)〕比活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,以0.15～1.5 mg.L-1氧化亚铜可湿性粉剂对苦草染毒7 d,其叶片SOD、APX和POD活性明显升高,1.5 mg.L-1处理组3种抗氧化酶比活力分别比助剂对照组升高49.0%、77.0%和39.0%,MDA含量极显著上升46.9%,总叶绿素含量显著下降42.6%。染毒14 d后3种抗氧化酶比活力均有不同程度回落,MDA含量恢复至正常水平,总叶绿素含量也有所回升。以0.1～1.0 mg.L-1氢氧化铜对苦草染毒7 d,1.0 mg.L-1处理组3种抗氧化酶比活力和MDA含量也呈显著上升趋势,总叶绿素含量显著下降。染毒14 d时3种抗氧化酶比活力和MDA含量恢复到正常水平,总叶绿素含量回升。上述结果显示,在氧化亚铜和氢氧化铜引起的铜胁迫早期,苦草叶片抗氧化酶因过氧化应激响应而上升,膜脂出现一定程度过氧化损伤,叶绿素含量下降,但随着暴露时间的延长,苦草对铜胁迫产生适应性,过氧化损伤得以缓解,叶绿素含量回升。     

珠三角典型工业区挥发性有机物(VOCs)组成特征：含氧挥发性有机物的重要性

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是对流层大气的关键化学组分,其中工业排放是VOCs的重要来源之一.于2021年夏初在中国珠江三角洲的典型工业地区中开展了74种VOCs的在线观测.在整个观测期间,总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的体积分数平均值为(81.9±45.4)×10^-9.其中,含氧挥发性有机物(OVOCs)在TVOC中的占比最大,平均值为51.5%,并且其占比随TVOC体积分数的升高而逐渐增大.芳香烃在TVOC中的占比为19.4%.进一步分析发现,与工业活动相关的排放是工业区环境大气中芳香烃与OVOCs的主要来源.芳香烃和OVOCs对臭氧生成潜势(OFP)的贡献最为显著,在总OFP中的贡献率分别为56.4%和26.7%.此外,与烃类组分相比,OVOCs的大气化学活性同样较高,贡献了大气中总·OH反应活性的40.0%.二甲苯、甲苯、丙烯醛和乙酸乙酯对二次污染形成的贡献较大,在制定大气二次污染管控策略时应优先考虑.研究结果强调了工业地区中OVOCs对TVOC的重要贡献以及OVOCs在大气二次污染形成过程中的重要作用.     

典型工业城市夏季VOCs污染特征及反应活性

为研究典型工业城市夏季挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染对环境的影响及成因,利用2020年7月在淄博市城区的VOCs在线监测数据,分析了污染日和清洁日VOCs的污染特征、化学反应活性和臭氧（O₃）污染成因.结果表明,污染日总挥发性有机物（TVOC）小时浓度均值较清洁日高32.5%,分别为（50.6±28.3）μg·m^-3和（38.2±24.9）μg·m^-3,污染日和清洁日各组分贡献率均为：烷烃>芳香烃>烯烃>炔烃,TVOC和O₃浓度日变化均呈现相反的变化趋势.污染日臭氧生成潜势（OFP）、·OH消耗速率（L_·OH）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOA_p）均高于清洁日,烯烃对OFP和L_·OH贡献最大,芳香烃对SOA_p贡献最大;OFP和SOA_p日变化趋势和TVOC基本一致;化学反应活性优势物种以烯烃和芳香烃类物质居多.VOCs/NO_x法判断污染日和清洁日O₃敏感区属性均处于VOCs控制区和过渡区,而烟雾产量模型法（SPM）诊断污染日O₃敏感区属性在08：00~16：00期间处于VOCs控制区和过渡区交替状态,清洁日各时段均处于VOCs控制区.为减轻该市夏季O₃污染,应加强对VOCs （烯烃和芳香烃）和氮氧化物（NO_x）的协同控制.     

Reaction mechanism of dicofol removal by cellulase

It remains unclear whether dicofol should be defined as a persistent organic pollutant. Its environmental persistence has gained attention. This study focused on its degradation by cellulase. Cellulase was separated using a gel chromatogram, and its degradation activity towards dicofol involved its endoglucanase activity. By analyzing the kinetic parameters of cellulase reacting with mixed substrates, it was shown that cellulase reacted on dicofol and carboxyl methyl cellulose through two different active centers. Thus, the degradation of dicofol was shown to be an oxidative process by cellulase. Next, by comparing the impacts of tert-butyl alcohol (a typical OH free-radical inhibitor) on the removal efficiencies of dicofol under both cellulase and Fenton reagent systems, it was shown that the removal of dicofol was initiated by OH free radicals produced by cellulase. Finally, 4,4′-dichloro-dibenzophenone and chloride were detected using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and ion chromatography analysis, which supported our hypothesis. The reaction mechanism was analyzed and involved an attack by OH free radicals at the orthocarbon of dicofol, resulting in the degradation product 4,4′-dichloro-dibenzophenone.     

可控合成La（OH）3纳米球光催化去除NO及其催化性能机制研究

以KOH和La(NO3)3·6H2O为前驱体,柠檬酸为保护剂,采用一步水热法合成三维La(OH)3纳米球光催化剂.通过XRD、SEM、PL和UV-vis DRS等对样品进行结构表征.结果表明,柠檬酸的加入量对La(OH)3的形貌均匀性和催化活性均有较大影响.柠檬酸和La(NO3)3·6H2O的物质的量的比为2∶1时,得到的样品为形貌均匀的纳米球,光催化活性最佳且稳定性好.这是因为三维的纳米球结构更容易促进光生载流子的分离;此外,形貌均匀无团聚,增加了催化剂表面的活性位点,使反应过程中反应物和中间产物迅速扩散,从而光催化活性最高.在光催化过程中,羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧自由基(·O-2)是最主要的氧化物种.NO可以和产生的·OH和·O-2反应生成HNO2和HNO3,从而去除NO.本文研究结果充实了La(OH)3光催化材料的合成基础理论,探讨了La(OH)3光催化活性机理,为La(OH)3应用打开了新的视野.     

Vertical distribution of hydrocarbons in the low troposphere below and above the mixing height: tethered balloon measurements in Milan, Italy

A novel approach for measuring vertical profiles of HCs and particle number concentrations was described and applied in the low troposphere over Milan (Italy) during typical spring and summer days. Particle profiles yielded nearly homogeneous concentrations below the mixing height, with level-to-ground concentration ratios of 92-97%, while HCs showed a more pronounced decrease (74-95%). Vertical mixing and photochemical loss of HCs were demonstrated to cause these gradients. Much lower concentrations were observed for the profiles above the mixing height, where the HC mixtures showed also a different composition, which was partially explained by the horizontal advection of air with HC sources different to those prevailing at the site. The application of pseudo-first order kinetics for reactions between HCs and the hydroxyl radical allowed for the estimation of the vertical mixing time scale in the order of 100 ± 20 min.     

Do aerosols act as catalysts in the OH radical initiated atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds?

Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to study the relative reactivity of OH radicals with methanol, ethanol, phenol, C₂H₄, C₂H₂, and p-xylene in 750 Torr of air diluent at 296±2 K. Experiments were performed with, and without, 500–8000 μg m⁻³ (4000–50 000 μm² cm⁻³ surface area per volume) of NaCl, (NH₄)₂SO₄ or NH₄NO₃ aerosol. In contrast to the recent findings of Oh and Andino (Atmospheric Environment 34 (2000) 2901, 36 (2002) 149; International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 33 (2001) 422) there was no discernable effect of aerosol on the rate of loss of the organic compounds via reaction with OH radicals. Gas kinetic theory arguments cast doubt upon the findings of Oh and Andino. The available data suggest that the answer to the title question is “No”. As part of this work the rate constants for reactions of OH radicals with methanol, ethanol, and phenol in 750 Torr of air at 296 K were determined to be: k_OH+CH3OH=(8.12±0.54)×10⁻¹³, k_OH+C2H5OH=(3.47±0.32)×10⁻¹² and k_OH+phenol=(3.27±0.31)×10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹.     

Dissolution of beryllium in artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid

Dissolution of a lung burden of poorly soluble beryllium particles is hypothesized to be necessary for development of chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) in humans. As such, particle dissolution rate must be sufficient to activate the lung immune response and dissolution lifetime sufficient to maintain chronic inflammation for months to years to support development of disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that poorly soluble beryllium compounds release ions via dissolution in lung fluid. Dissolution kinetics of 17 poorly soluble particulate beryllium materials that span extraction through ceramics machining (ores, hydroxide, metal, copper-beryllium [CuBe] fume, oxides) and three CuBe alloy reference materials (chips, solid block) were measured over 31 d using artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (pH 4.5). Differences in beryllium-containing particle physicochemical properties translated into differences in dissolution rates and lifetimes in artificial phagolysosomal fluid. Among all materials, dissolution rate constant values ranged from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹⁰ g cm⁻² d⁻¹ and half-times ranged from tens to thousands of days. The presence of magnesium trisilicate in some beryllium oxide materials may have slowed dissolution rates. Materials associated with elevated prevalence of CBD had faster beryllium dissolution rates [10⁻⁷-10⁻⁸ g cm⁻² d⁻¹] than materials not associated with elevated prevalence (p < 0.05).