通风条件对城市污水厂污泥好氧堆肥过程的影响

本文选择堆肥熟料作为添加剂与城市污水厂污泥混合进行好氧堆肥。通过对温度、耗氧速率、有机物、含水率、pH值和氨氮等指标的分析,重点研究了不同通风条件对堆肥过程的影响。实验结果表明,污泥与熟料混合后,有机物含量较低,堆肥速率较快,对通风条件的改变比较敏感。当通风量低于0.025m3/(m3.min)时,堆肥前期系统供氧不足,堆肥速率较慢,耗时长,同时堆体内变为厌氧环境,pH值变低,臭气产生量高;当通风量高于0.05m3/(m3.min)以及采用变风量通风时,在保证供氧量充足的同时,具有较长的高温期,具有臭气产生量小、堆肥速率快的优点,但采用变风量通风更加节能。     

Comparison and ranking of different modelling techniques for prediction of site index in Mediterranean mountain forests

Forestry science has a long tradition of studying the relationship between stand productivity and abiotic and biotic site characteristics, such as climate, topography, soil and vegetation. Many of the early site quality modelling studies related site index to environmental variables using basic statistical methods such as linear regression. Because most ecological variables show a typical non-linear course and a non-constant variance distribution, a large fraction of the variation remained unexplained by these linear models. More recently, the development of more advanced non-parametric and machine learning methods provided opportunities to overcome these limitations. Nevertheless, these methods also have drawbacks. Due to their increasing complexity they are not only more difficult to implement and interpret, but also more vulnerable to overfitting. Especially in a context of regionalisation, this may prove to be problematic. Although many non-parametric and machine learning methods are increasingly used in applications related to forest site quality assessment, their predictive performance has only been assessed for a limited number of methods and ecosystems.In this study, five different modelling techniques are compared and evaluated, i.e. multiple linear regression (MLR), classification and regression trees (CART), boosted regression trees (BRT), generalized additive models (GAM), and artificial neural networks (ANN). Each method is used to model site index of homogeneous stands of three important tree species of the Taurus Mountains (Turkey): Pinus brutia, Pinus nigra and Cedrus libani. Site index is related to soil, vegetation and topographical variables, which are available for 167 sample plots covering all important environmental gradients in the research area. The five techniques are compared in a multi-criteria decision analysis in which different model performance measures, ecological interpretability and user-friendliness are considered as criteria.When combining these criteria, in most cases GAM is found to outperform all other techniques for modelling site index for the three species. BRT is a good alternative in case the ecological interpretability of the technique is of higher importance. When user-friendliness is more important MLR and CART are the preferred alternatives. Despite its good predictive performance, ANN is penalized for its complex, non-transparent models and big training effort.     

乙醇柴油混合燃料的制备工艺和废气的排放特性

为降低柴油机排放对环境造成的污染,用乙醇部分替代柴油,探索了乙醇柴油混合燃料的制备方法,研究了掺混乙醇及助溶剂对柴油机排放的影响.结果表明:无水乙醇可以和柴油以任意比例混溶,但痕量水(0.2%)的添加即导致混合物分层,合成的有机助溶剂可保证乙醇-柴油-痕量水体系的稳定性基于台架实验,考察了掺混10%、20%、30%乙醇对燃料排放性能的影响乙醇的最佳掺混比为20%在额定工况点(功率为13kW,转速为1540r/min)时,掺混20%乙醇的混合燃料可降低烟度55%,降低HC排放70%,降低CO排放45%.不添加助溶剂时,乙醇的掺混导致排放尾气中产生乙醇、微量乙醛等有机物.而添加非金属离子助溶剂可使HC、乙醇、乙醛排放的浓度明显降低.     

雷特超强堵漏剂在元陆9井的应用

元坝区块须家河组地层极易发生井漏,增加了钻井风险,严重影响了施工进度。分析了须家河组地层的漏失原因和堵漏难点,介绍了雷特超强堵漏剂的堵漏机理和性能优势,对雷特承压堵漏技术在元陆9井须家河组地层的成功堵漏实践进行了详细剖析。现场应用表明:雷特承压堵漏技术适用于须家河组地层,在相同漏失程度下,雷特堵漏的施工时间仅为常规堵漏的1/10,堵漏材料的消耗量仅为常规堵漏的1/19,一次堵漏成功率100%,堵漏效果显著,为类似地层的堵漏施工提供参考。     

华北地区地表臭氧时空分布特征及驱动因子

利用趋势分析(TA)、地理时空加权回归模型(GTWR)和多因素广义相加模型(MGAM),研究了2015～2020年华北地区O3浓度的时空分布规律及驱动因素间的复杂非线性关系.结果表明,华北地区年均O3浓度>70μg/m3,整体呈持续增长趋势,平均增加速率为2.3μg/(m3·a)(P<0.01);季节上O3浓度呈春夏高...     

水添加剂作用下自动喷水灭火技术对高空间厂房火灾控火性能的影响

为研究带添加剂（浓度1%）自动喷水灭火技术对高空间厂房火灾控灭火性能的影响,采用标准燃烧物组合替代实际场所中的可燃物品,按照高空间厂房的实际火灾场景,在喷头安装高度为18m的情况下开展了高空间厂房火灾的实体灭火试验。试验结果显示,自动喷水灭火系统在高净空场所下能及时动作,在添加灭火剂后,提高了水到达可燃物表面后的粘附能力,喷头开放数量少,能够明显控制火势的增长和蔓延。系统设计喷水强度和作用面积符合该场所的设计水平。     

生物质型煤固硫添加剂的固硫增强作用

在管式炉中进行了生物质型煤的燃烧固硫试验,考察了Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃和MnO₂共3种添加剂对钙基固硫剂的固硫增强作用.结果表明,只有Al₂O₃增强了型煤的固硫作用.通过TGA试验进一步证实,在还原性气氛下Al₂O₃可有效地抑制固硫产物CaSO₄的高温分解.XPS和XRD分析表明,Al₂O₃通过与CaSO₄和CaO作用,形成了热稳定性高的复盐CaSO₄·3CaO·3Al₂O₃,并包裹在CaSO₄晶体的表面,从而抑制了CaSO₄的分解.     

石油加工与石油化工废料应用于钻井液

石油加工与石油化工废料，包括废白土、酸渣、碱渣、渣油、油泥、生产润滑油添加剂的废料、废催化剂、环烷酸釜残等，在钻井液中的用途较广，可以分别用作钻井液原始组分和润滑剂、消泡剂、多效防塌剂、抑制剂、稳定剂、废钻井液固化剂以及制备这些处理剂的基础材料。文中介绍了前苏联及独联体等在这方面的研究成果和现场应用情况。     

沉积物内源与外源重金属形态与酶活性的相关性

文章以表层沉积物为研究对象,采用改进的Tessier连续萃取法,研究了表层沉积物中重金属(内源体系:Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn和Pb;外源体系:掺杂Cu、Zn和Pb后的Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn和Pb)形态和酶(蛋白酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶)活性在一定时间(45d)内的转化趋势,探讨了沉积物中重金属形态与酶活性的相关性。结果表明,在外源体系中,Cu、Zn和Pb的掺杂对Fe和Mn的形态转化影响较小,而Cu、Zn和Pb显著地由残渣态向相对不稳定形态转化,转化幅度均大于20%。外源重金属掺杂初期(前5d),重金属对沉积物中的酶有一定的活化作用,但经过一段时间后以抑制作用为主。相关性分析表明,当掺杂外源重金属后,沉积物中酶的活性与重金属形态的相关性减弱,与内源体系中重金属和酶的活性关系存在明显差异。     

添加液促进电动法修复苯胺污染砂土的试验研究

室内模拟研究结果表明,电动修复苯胺污染土壤的过程中,添加液的加入对实验结果有较大影响。当腐植酸浓度大于临界胶束浓度时,起表面活性剂的作用,使苯胺在土壤中迁移增强并在距阳极80～90mm富集。土壤中均匀加入Tween80或β-环糊精后,苯胺在3取样点富集,但富集浓度后者是前者的1．28倍,且污染物有向阴极迁移的趋势。