从矿区土壤中筛选微生物对Pb2+、Zn2+吸附的研究

从铅锌矿区土壤中分离到12株细菌和lO株真菌,通过其干菌体对Pb2+和Zn2+的吸附试验,筛选出具有较强生物吸附能力的细菌菌株B6和真菌菌株F1.探讨了pH值、吸附时间、菌量和Pb2+、Zn2+的初始浓度对B6和F1菌株的吸附影响,结果表明:2株菌对Ph2+、Zn2+吸附是一个快速的过程,pH值为5.0～6.0是菌体吸附的较适范围.Pb2+、Zn2+初始浓度在150～300 mg/L内,B6和F1菌株吸附效果明显.当B6菌株的菌最超过0.1 g,F1菌株的菌量超过0.2 g后吸附率趋于平缓.应用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线研究,Langmuir吸附等温线更为适合模拟B6和F1菌株的吸附过程.B6和Fl菌株吸附Pb"、zn"的动力学过程都可以用准二级动力学方程进行描述.16S rDNA基因序列分析表明,B6菌株属于里拉微球菌(Micrococcus lylae).用形态及理化特征鉴定,F1菌株属于镰刀霉菌属(Fusarium sp.).     

产朊假丝酵母CANDIDA UTILIS细胞壁对铜离子吸附位点的研究

目前认为所有生物大分子都对重金属离子有较强吸附性 ,但某些分子可特异地吸附重金属 ,并介导酵母细胞对重金属的抗性[1] .其中细胞表面的高分子聚合物倍受关注 ,酵母细胞壁约含 4 0种蛋白分子 ,但有关这些蛋白质在对重金属离子吸附中的作用目前还未见报道 .产朊假丝酵母Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｕｔｉｌｉｓ是重要单细胞蛋白生产菌株之一 ,因其营养条件要求不高 ,对工业废水有较强耐受和转化能力而广泛用于生产和研究 .我们观察了产朊假丝酵母细胞与分离纯化的细胞壁对铜离子的吸附能力差异 ,并对细胞壁上重金属离子吸附位点进行了研究 .1　材料与方…     

Biosorption of clofibric acid and carbamazepine in aqueous solution by agricultural waste rice straw

Due to their widespread use, clofibric acid （CA） and carbamazepine （CBZ） have been frequently detected simultaneously at relatively high concentrations in aquatic environments. In this study, agricultural waste rice straw was employed as a potentially low-cost, effective and easy-to-operate biosorbent （RSB） to remove CA and CBZ. The adsorption of both pharmaceuticals followed pseudo second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion was an important rate-limiting step. The adsorption isotherms of both drugs were fit well with Freundlich model. The adsorption of CA onto RSB was exothermic and was more likely to be dominated by physical processes, while the adsorption of CBZ was endothermic. Solution pH was determined to be the most important factor for CA adsorption, such that the adsorption capacity of CA onto RSB increased with the decline of solution pH. In the lower range of solution pH below 3. l, the CA removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of biosorbent dosage. The CBZ removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of RSB dosage without pH control. The maximum adsorption capacities were 126.3 mg/g for CA and 40.0 mg/g for CBZ.     

固定食用菌加工废弃物对废水中重金属Cu2+的吸附性能

用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)将金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)、毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)、杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii)和平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)加工废弃物固定制成吸附小球,研究初始p H值、反应时间对Cu~(2+)吸附的影响及吸附特性,并应用到实际废水的处理中。结果表明:固定金针菇、毛木耳、杏鲍菇和平菇废弃物吸附小球的最大吸附率分别为81.3%、60.8%、42.8%和50.0%;伪二级动力学模型比颗粒内扩散模型能更好地描述固定食用菌加工废弃物吸附小球对Cu~(2+)的吸附过程;固定金针菇、毛木耳和平菇废弃物吸附小球的等温吸附过程与Langmuir等温模型拟合度高,吸附过程主要是单层吸附,固定杏鲍菇废弃物小球的等温吸附过程则更符合Freundlich等温模型;扫描电镜(SEM)分析显示,固定金针菇废弃物吸附小球吸附Cu~(2+)后,细胞壁增厚,细胞壁上形成了明显的Cu~(2+)无机沉淀或晶体,表现为物理性吸附。研究表明,固定金针菇废弃物吸附小球对自然废水中Cu~(2+)的去除率为73.11%,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

毛木耳对Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)生物吸附的动力学和吸附平衡研究

以毛木耳(Auriculariapol ytricha)子实体为生物吸附材料,研究起始pH值、反应时间、重金属浓度这3个因素对毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的影响及其吸附特性.结果表明,pH是影响毛木耳子实体吸附重金属离子的主要因素,最适起始pH值为5;在10mg·L-1重金属浓度下,毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附率分别为94.12%、96.22%、99.94%、99.19%;准二阶动力学模型比准一阶动力学模型能更好地描述毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的吸附过程;Langmuir等温模型能较好地拟合毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的等温吸附过程;毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附量分别为10.09、8.36、23.57和3.64mg.g-1;毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的化学反应机理可能为离子交换反应.     

Biosorption of copper and zinc by immobilised and free algal biomass, and the effects of metal biosorption on the growth and cellular structure of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from rivers in Penang, Malaysia

In this study, the biosorption of copper and zinc ions by Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from local environments in Malaysia was investigated in a batch system and by microscopic analyses. Under optimal biosorption conditions, the biosorption capacity of Chlorella sp. for copper and zinc ions was 33.4 and 28.5 mg/g, respectively, after 6 hr of biosorption in an immobilised system. Batch experiments showed that the biosorption capacity of algal biomass immobilised in the form of sodium alginate beads was higher than that of the free biomass. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed that copper and zinc were mainly sorbed at the cell surface during biosorption. Exposure to 5 mg/L of copper and zinc affected both the chlorophyll content and cell count of the algal cells after the first 12 hr of contact time.     

诱变绳状青霉吸附铀的行为研究

先后采用盐酸羟胺和紫外光辐射,对绳状青霉(Penicillium funiculosum)进行诱变,并用红外光谱分析了诱变绳状青霉细胞表面官能团的变化,采用静态吸附试验研究了铀溶液的pH、温度、初始铀浓度、吸附时间、菌体投加量等因素对其吸附铀的影响.通过对动力学模型、等温吸附模型和热力学方程进行拟合,研究了诱变绳状青霉吸附铀的行为.采用扫描电镜、能谱仪和红外光谱仪分析了吸附前后诱变绳状青霉细胞表面的形貌、化学组成和官能团结构的变化,进而探讨了吸附过程可能涉及的反应机理.结果表明,诱变绳状青霉在pH=6时吸附铀的效果最好,8h即达到吸附平衡,最大吸附量为200mg·g-1,对铀的吸附为细胞表面的缔合—OH、—CHO、不饱和键、—NH2、—PO43-等与铀的配位络合反应.     

白腐真菌吸附废水中Zn~(2+)的影响因素及吸附机理研究

研究白腐真菌粉末对Zn2+的吸附效果、影响因素及其吸附机理。结果表明,35 min后吸附过程基本完成,pH适宜范围为5~6,Zn2+吸附率随着Zn2+初始浓度增大而提高,且在Zn2+初始浓度为25 mg/L,吸附剂用量为2.5 g/L,pH为5.5的最佳条件下,Zn2+吸附率达到98.01%。与原白腐真菌相比,用0.8 mol/L NaOH对菌样进行预处理,Zn2+的吸附率可提高10%左右。运用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FTIR)对Zn2+吸附前后的白腐真菌粉末进行表征。结果表明,白腐真菌表面粗糙,孔隙多。吸附Zn2+的过程中,白腐真菌表面的-OH和-PO4与Zn2+发生络合反应,生成的产物主要为磷酸锌和氢氧化锌。     

Removal,adsorption and desorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by filamentous fungi: Rhizopusarrhizus and Cunninghamella elegans in batch system

PCP was, and in some countries still is, one of the most frequently used fungicides and pesticides, specially in wood preservation. The extensive use is correlated with contamination of water and soil and it is detected in several compartments of the food chain.

Some Micromycetes are able to adsorb and degrade PCP, with two mechanisms involved: biosorption (including both adsorption and absorption) and biodegradation.

Our work is focused on the biosorption alone and biodegradation‐biosorption of PCP by respectively denatured and living R.arrhizus and C.elegans fungi.

Living fungi are cultivated in batch system and denaturation is obtained by drying (70°C) and grinding the fungi to a calibrated powder (200–400 μm). Kinetic studies are performed with 10 mg/1 PCP initial concentration. Adsorption capacity is measured at equilibrium concentration as high as about 400 mg/1 PCP.

The results show that: PCP adsorption, for the two fungi, follows a two steps process. R. arrhizus dead and living biomasses are able to bind respectively, 75 and 55% of a 10 mg/1 PCP initial concentration in 1 hour contact time and then 75 and 100% in 96 hours. For C.elegans, 70 and 28% in 1 hour and in 96 hours 70 and 90%, respectively.

The PCP binding by living fungi is higher than non living ones, but with a slower rate.

The maximum PCP adsorption capacity is about 24 mg/g of R.arrhizus dried biomasses and 16 mg/g for C.elegans ones, in 48 hours contact time. Isotherm curves follow the Langmuir model.

Desorption studies with methanol (to reuse biomasses) shows that it is a rapid phenomenon (about 100% in 24 hours for the two fungi).

An industrial and economical process to depollute contaminated water by PCP is possible by using cheap fungal by‐products from fermentation industries.     

土壤分离菌株去除水溶液中铅离子研究

金属及微生物种类、pH和接触时间是决定生物吸附效果的关键因素.从受铅污染的土壤中分离出5株有生物吸附铅离子能力的菌株,并鉴定吸附能力最强的菌株1为芽孢杆菌;试验了pH、接触时间和初始铅离子浓度对该芽孢杆菌生物吸附铅的影响,在温度为25℃时,pH值3.0、初始铅离子浓度250 mg/L、吸附时间不超过15 min有最大吸附量92.27 mg/g,此时去除率为73.82%,且25℃吸附平衡基本符合Langmuir等温模型.因此,用该芽孢杆菌生物吸附去除水溶液中铅是可行的.