污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视,在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用.但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用,在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制.本研究分析了一些强化技术(如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等)在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性.     

基因工程菌在厌氧膜生物反应器中对偶氮染料废水的脱色

印染和染料废水色度大,COD高,可生化性差.采用基因工程菌Escherichia coli JM109(pGEX-AZR)在厌氧膜生物反应器中,对模拟偶氮染料废水进行脱色研究.结果表明,系统对酸性红B有很好的脱色能力,且启动期短,脱色效率高,脱色率稳定在95%以上,对COD的去除率能达到68%.系统运行过程中,反应器内生物量稳定在0.4 g/L.EPS与生物量变化趋势一致,先升高后降低;pH值在运行初期由6.5降至6.2,后维持在6.6左右.系统运行27 d后进行第一次膜清洗,膜通量恢复为初始值的92%,系统运行周期约为26 d.     

Amounts of pesticides reaching target pests: Environmental impacts and ethics

Less than 0.1% of pesticides applied for pest control reach their target pests. Thus, more than 99.9% of pesticides used move into the environment where they adversely affect public health and beneficial biota, and contaminate soil, water, and the atmosphere of the ecosystem. Improved pesticide application technologies can improve pesticide use efficiency and protect public health and the environment.     

用水解酸化池-膜生物反应器处理活性艳红X-3B废水

采用水解酸化池-膜生物反应器处理含活性艳红X-3B的模拟废水，研究了水力停留时间（HRT）对水解酸化池废水处理效果的影响，考察了水解酸化池-膜生物反应器对废水的处理效果及膜生物反应器中污泥沉降性能对膜污染的影响。实验结果表明：水解酸化池HRT为16h时，废水的可生化性最好，挥发性脂肪酸质量浓度与COD比值为0．5；HRT为17h时，废水脱色率达69％，而COD的去除率受HRT影响较小；膜生物反应器主要起去除废水中COD的作用；水解酸化池-膜生物反应器处理后废水的脱色率和COD去除率分别为83％和97％；膜生物反应器中活性污泥沉降性能的变化直接影响膜污染的速率。     

作业补贴与农户绿色生态农业技术采用行为研究

绿色生态农业技术是农业可持续发展的关键,中国提出建立以绿色生态为导向的农业补贴制度,探索政府购买服务等作业补贴方式,促进绿色生态农业技术推广。但是“补给谁”“如何补”“补多少”等政策操作问题尚未很好解决。本文以农作物秸秆机械化还田技术作业补贴为例,基于江苏、山东、黑龙江三省622户农户2018年实地调查数据,综合评估了绿色生态农业技术作业补贴政策及补贴方式(即补贴种植户和补贴作业服务组织)对农户绿色生态农业技术采用行为的影响。结果表明:第一,作业补贴政策对农户是否采用绿色生态农业技术和采用时间均有显著正向影响,补贴发放给农户的地区,农户更倾向于采用绿色生态农业技术,且采用时间更早。第二,相对于无农机的农户而言,有农机的农户更倾向于采用生态农业技术,且采用时间更早。第三,农户受教育程度、家庭劳动力人数、是否规模户、技术培训对农户是否采用生态农业技术和采用时间有显著正向影响。第四,农户类型、是否加入农民专业合作社、家庭劳动力人数、技术培训对农户是否获得补贴有显著正向影响。据此,政府需要继续扩大绿色生态农业补贴的技术类型及实施区域,适当提高重点区域补贴额度,补贴对象应当向种植户倾斜;为农户提供技术指导服务,加强绿色生态农业技术培训,提升农户生态农业理念;根据不同规模种植户禀赋特征制定相应推广政策,让不同类型农户享受到绿色生态农业技术的益处;鼓励获得补贴的农机户或服务组织等积极提供生态农业技术作业服务,使其真正成为推动农户采用绿色生态农业技术的重要途径。     

Low-carbon technology innovation responding to climate change from the perspective of spatial spillover effects

China’s technological efforts to tackle climate change have lasted for many years. It is necessary to test the effect of these efforts with quantitative method. To be exact, whether and how China’s low-carbon technology innovation responds to climate change should be tested. Based on the 2004–2015 panel data of 30 provinces in China, we use the method of ESDA analyzing the spatial correlation of China’s low-carbon innovation technology. Furthermore, we use the spatial Durbin model empirically analyzing the spatial spillover effects. The results obtained are as follows: first, supply and demand of Chinese low-carbon innovation has some deviation in the spatial distribution. The low-carbon technology innovation as the supply factor shows the characteristics of expanding from the east to the west. Innovation in eastern China has always been the most active, but innovative activities in the middle and western China are gradually decreased. However, carbon emissions have the characteristics of moving westward, implying the change of technology demand different from technology supply. Second, China’s low-carbon innovation actively responds to the trend of climate change, indicating China’s technological efforts have paid off. However, the spatial spillover effects are not significant, showing that the efforts in each region of China still work for himself. Third, environmental regulation and market pull are important factors for low-carbon technology innovation. Among them, both supporting policy and inhibitory policy have significant impact on the local low-carbon technology innovation, but no significant spatial spillover effects. It shows that environmental policies in different regions are competitive and lack of demonstration effects. Economic growth and export as market pull have higher level of effect on low-carbon technology innovation for both local and adjacent areas. Some policy implications are proposed based on these results finally.     

改性PVDF中空纤维膜处理压裂返排液研究

针对中空纤维膜应用于水力压裂返排液处理时存在的膜污染严重、通量衰减快、影响处理效率等问题,研究了PVDF固含量、凝固浴温度等因素对PVDF膜性能的影响,通过非溶剂致相分离法制备了PVDF中空纤维膜,并采用表面接枝技术,对PVDF中空纤维膜进行了表面亲水化改性。压裂返排液吸附实验结果表明,表面接枝降低了PVDF的接触角,提高了膜的亲水性。与未接枝改性的PVDF膜相比,亲水改性后的PVDF膜表面吸附的压裂返排液更少。将亲水性中空纤维膜用于页岩气水力压裂返排液的过滤处理,应用结果表明其对压裂返排液中的总铁、SS、浊度、细菌去除率达到90%以上,长时间运行后的通量保持率高,有较好的抗膜污染性。     

支撑排污许可制度的固定源监测技术体系完善研究

排污许可制度是固定源核心管理制度,对污染源监测技术提出"便捷、智能、精细"的发展要求,依规发证、依证管理2个阶段均需要污染源监测技术的有效支撑。针对当前污染源监测技术体系现状,应进一步完善自行监测技术指南体系,对发证行业指南实施情况跟踪评估,适时修订;为将工业园区纳入核发排污许可证范围扎牢基础,制定工业园区自行监测技术指南;加快构建支撑证后监管执法的快速便捷方法标准体系和现场快速监测质控体系;加快构建智能化监测数据管理平台,实现"智慧大脑"功能;建立自行监测监督检查技术体系,强化排污许可制度框架下的自行监测质量的监督检查。     

现代分析技术在水质氨氮监测中的应用分析

在水质监测中,氨氮的监测是十分重要且常见的项目之一。氨氮是释放游离氨的主要源头,而游离氨的含量上升是导致水体富营养的元凶之一,因此,监测水体中氨氮的含量是水环境监测工作的主要内容之一。随着环保意识的增强,我国开始越来越重视对自然环境的监测工作,也逐渐认识到氨氮在水体中导致的危害,开始积极开发和应用分析技术,用于监测水体中氨氮的含量及其变化趋势,为后续的资源保护、污染质量工作奠定基础。本文从常见的现代分析技术入手,分析并探讨现代分析技术在水质氨氮监测中的具体应用方式,希望可以为提升我国水质监测工作质量提供一些思路。     

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: I. Prospective study of 51 pregnancies

A prenatal diagnosis was performed in 51 pregnancies with a 1-in-4 risk of having a child with cystic fibrosis. The criteria for determining an affected fetus were based on the results of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) residual activity after inhibition by phenylalanine and by homoarginine, of total ALP activity, and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) activity in the amniotic fluid taken between 16 and 19 weeks of pregnancy. The chromosomal analysis of amniotic fluid cells showed trisomy 13 in one case which was excluded from the analysis of biochemical assays. The biochemical assays were in the normal ranges in the amniotic fluid of 35 pregnancies: 26 have reached term and a normal infant has been born, 9 are still in progress. A deficiency of the ALP phenylalanine-inhibitable form, depressed values of total ALP and GGTP were observed in the amniotic fluid of 15 pregnancies: one pregnancy went to term and the infant had CF, in 14 cases the pregnancy was terminated, and meconium ileus was observed in ten of these cases. It was observed that the changes towards abnormal values became more significant with advancing gestational age and that 18 weeks appeared to be the optimum time for diagnostic amniocentesis.