给水管网中铁释放现象的影响因素研究

在实验室静态试验下,定量分析了给水管网中无机化学水质参数对铁释放现象的影响,包括酸碱条件、氧化还原条件和无机离子等不同类别的水质参数.研究发现,铁释放速率都随着pH值、碱度和氧化剂浓度的升高而降低,随着氯离子浓度的升高而升高.根据管网的一般条件,提出了控制铁释放现象的理论临界释放速率计算公式.根据理论临界铁释放速率,达到控制管网铁释放现象的必要条件时,管网水质条件满足的要求为pH大于7.6,碱度大于150 mg/L,溶解氧浓度大于2 mg/L,氯离子浓度小于150 mg/L.     

脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮及在线控制的中试实验研究

通过考察脉冲式SBR法处理城镇生活污水时有机物降解、硝化和反硝化反应中DO、氧化还原电位(ORP)及pH的变化规律,建立了这些控制参数与有机物去除、硝化与反硝化反应过程中主要污染物指标间的相关关系.在此基础上,建立脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮的模糊控制系统,更加有效地控制脉冲式SBR法多段进水的运行方式,达到深度脱氮的目的,并尽可能降低运行成本.当进水COD在130.0～243.6 mg/L、NH 4-N在55.98～76.40 mg/L时,在原水中反硝化碳源充足情况下,脉冲式SBR法反硝化结束时最终出水COD低于40 mg/L,NH 4-N低于1.0 mg/L,TN低于3·0 mg/L.     

长江口边滩水库藻类增殖潜力及遮光控藻研究

从长江口及两个长江口边滩水库(陈行水库和宝钢水库)采集水样,在人工气候室内进行了藻类增殖潜力研究.结果表明,在完全不添加营养成分的前提下,在培养未灭菌水样时蓝绿藻可成为优势种而大量增殖;在灭菌水样中人工接种铜绿微囊藻时,该藻的藻细胞数最大现存量可达5.65×106个/mL.另一方面,采用遮光控藻思路,在上海交通大学致远湖中设置软体浮式人工围隔,待其发生水华后将围隔遮光,7 d后叶绿素a从发生水华时的176.9 μg/L降至21.4μg/L.因此,使用遮光技术可以达到有效控藻的目的.     

pH和负压对生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液蒸发处理的影响

生活垃圾焚烧厂贮坑渗沥液含有弱电解质类的挥发性污染物,pH和压强是影响其蒸发过程中气液相分布的主要因素,实验研究了蒸发操作压强及渗沥液初始pH对蒸发冷凝液中污染物分配的影响.结果表明,操作压强16～39kPa对冷凝液的组成基本没有影响;而pH的变化则改变了挥发性弱电解质类污染物在渗沥液中的存在形态,进而显著地改变了其在冷凝液中的分配情况.当渗沥液的初始pH为5时,冷凝液主要成份为挥发性有机酸和低碳醇类物质,不含氨氮;pH＞10时,冷凝液中挥发性有机酸减少,氨氮增加.渗沥液原液经一级蒸发可显著改善其可处理性.     

诺氟沙星在4种土壤中的吸附-解吸特征

采用批平衡吸附试验,研究了诺氟沙星在河南封丘潮土、江西鹰潭红壤、苏南常熟水稻土和南京黄棕壤等4种土壤中的吸附行为.结果表明,诺氟沙星的土壤吸附-解吸不同程度地偏离线性模型,但均可用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行良好的线性拟合.其K_f值变化较大,分别为潮土82.0 L/kg、黄棕壤432 L/kg、水稻土5 677 L/kg和红壤8 790 L/kg,显示诺氟沙星在4种土壤中的吸附行为存在较大的差异.此外,诺氟沙星在4种土壤上的解吸过程存在滞后现象.其中,诺氟沙星在红壤中的滞后现象明显与其他3种土壤不同,其滞后系数至少大5倍以上.研究表明4种土壤中诺氟沙星的吸附参数K_f值与土壤pH呈极显著负相关,与土壤溶液中诺氟沙星阳离子形态比例则呈极显著正相关.在不同pH（5～9）下,红壤和水稻土的诺氟沙星吸附参数lgK_d随pH的升高先增加而后降低,黄棕壤和潮土中则不同程度地线性下降.可见,阳离子吸附可能是诺氟沙星土壤吸附的重要机理,而低pH下红壤和水稻土中诺氟沙星的吸附是阳离子吸附和土壤溶液共存阳离子竞争性吸附共同作用的结果.     

Analysis of satellite imagery using a simple algorithm supports evidence that Trichodesmium supplies a significant new nitrogen load to the GBR lagoon

This work supports previous studies in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon that show the new nitrogen (N) load introduced by Trichodesmium is similar to or greater than that from riverine discharges. However, the current management programs aimed at improving the chronic eutrophic state of the GBR ignore the N load from Trichodesmium. These programs also ignore the evidence that Trichodesmium blooms could promote the bioavailability of heavy metals and be a source of toxins in the ciguatera food chain. Further work is urgently required to better quantify the potential impacts of Trichodesmium and develop management plans to reduce those impacts. A simple algorithm that uses MODIS imagery is developed for not only monitoring the spatial extent of Trichodesmium blooms but also for quantifying the concentration of those blooms. The algorithm is based on the readily available MODIS L2 data. A management plan that includes the harvesting of Trichodesmium is outlined.     

Application and sensitivity testing of a eutrophication assessment method on coastal systems in the United States and European Union

The Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS) screening model has been extended to allow its application to both estuarine and coastal systems. The model, which combines elements of pressure, state and response, was tested on four systems: Maryland Coastal Bays and Long Island Sound in the United States and The Firth of Clyde (Scotland) and Tagus Estuary (Portugal) in the European Union. The overall scores were: Maryland Coastal Bays: Bad; Firth of Clyde: Poor; Tagus Estuary: Good. Long Island Sound was modelled along a timeline, using 1991 data (score: Bad) and 2002 data (score: Moderate). The improvement registered for Long Island Sound is a consequence of the reduction in nutrient loading, and the ASSETS score changed accordingly. The two main areas where developments are needed are (a) In the definition of type-specific ranges for eutrophication parameters, due to the recognition that natural or pristine conditions may vary widely, and the use of a uniform set of thresholds artificially penalizes some systems and potentially leads to misclassification; (b) In the definition and quantification of measures which will result in an improved state through a change in pressures, as well as in the definition of appropriate metrics through which response may be assessed. One possibility is the use of detailed research models where different response scenarios potentially produce changes in pressure and state. These outputs may be used to drive screening models and analyze the suitability of candidate metrics for evaluating management options.     

Al(Ⅲ) speciation distribution and transformation in high concentration PACl solutions

Effects of Al（Ⅲ） concentration and pH on the speciation of Al（Ⅲ） in polyaluminum chloride （PACl） solutions especially on the Al13 fraction were investigated. A series of PACl samples were prepared over the range of Al（Ⅲ） concentration from 0.01 to 2.0 mol/L with the B （OH/Al ratio） value from 1.0 to 2.5 by forced hydrolysis of AICl3. The samples were characterized by ferron assay, pH and 27^Al NMR. It was shown that the Al（Ⅲ） concentration had a dramatic effect on the hydrolysis processes and the species distribution of PACl was in relate to the decrease of pH. The fraction of Al species, Alb （or Al13） decreased and Al0 increased with increase of total Al（Ⅲ） concentration. Under the condition of Al（Ⅲ） 2.0 reel/L, B = 2.5, the pH value was 2.73 and no Al13 could be detected. During diluting and aging, the species distribution evoIved. The Al13 could then be detected again and the amounts increased with time. If the diluted samples were concentrated by freeze dry at -35℃ or heating at 80℃, the pH value and Al13 content would decrease with the increased concentration. It demonstrated that the key factor for formation of Al13 in concentrated PACl was pH value.     

棕壤吸附-解吸铬影响因素研究

采用室内实验方法,研究了不同铬浓度及不同pH对棕壤吸附-解吸铬的影响,草酸、EDTA和柠檬酸3种有机酸在不同浓度、不同pH条件下对棕壤吸附-解吸铬的影响。结果表明,棕壤对Cr6＋的吸附率随其浓度的增大逐渐增大,并在酸性条件下易于吸附Cr6＋,在碱性条件下易于解吸Cr6＋,低浓度有机酸有利于棕壤对Cr6＋的解吸。EDTA解吸率最大,草酸次之,柠檬酸最小。     

An experimental study on fermentative H2 production from food waste as affected by pH

Batch dark fermentation experiments were performed on food waste and mixtures of food waste and wastewater activated sludge to evaluate the influence of pH on biological H₂ production and compare the process performance with and without inoculum addition. The effect of a preliminary thermal shock treatment of the inoculum was also investigated as a means to harvest the hydrogenogenic biomass. The best performance in terms of both H₂ generation potential and process kinetics was observed at pH = 6.5 under all experimental conditions (no inoculum, and untreated or thermally treated inoculum added). H₂ production from food waste was found to be feasible even without inoculum addition, although thermal pre-treatment of the inoculum notably increased the maximum production and reduced the lag phase duration. The analysis of the fermentation products indicated that the biological hydrogen production could be mainly ascribed to a mixed acetate/butyrate-type fermentation. However, the presence of additional metabolites in the digestate, including propionate and ethanol, also indicated that other metabolic pathways were active during the process, reducing substrate conversion into hydrogen. The plateau in H₂ generation was found to mirror the condition at which soluble carbohydrates were depleted. Beyond this condition, homoacetogenesis probably started to play a role in the degradation process.