环境管理的经济手段分析

环境管理中占主导地位的是直接管制手段，直接管制手段就是政府行政管理机构以指令控制的方式向污染排放者下达法令或提出具体的标准。直接管制在环境管理中取得了很好的成绩。但在环境和经济的协调效率上还不够灵活有效，显示出相当的局限性。阐述了排污收费,使用费，产品费,排污权交易、环境税收等常用的经济手段，并进行了比较分析。     

Stochastic pollution, costly sanctions, and optimality of emission permit banking

This paper identifies a new economic motive for pollution regulations that allow polluting firms to bank and borrow emission permits over time. When aggregate pollution is stochastic, an intertemporal permit trading regime can provide firms with efficient incentives for pollution abatement without the need for costly government enforcement actions that would otherwise be required.     

企业水污染源基于技术的排污许可限值确定方法及其案例研究

对比研究了国内外基于技术的排污许可限值确定现状,分析了我国确定现状的不足之处.并借鉴美国基于技术的排污许可限值确定体系,结合我国实际情况,突破传统的简单以行业排放标准、环评报告、国家分配的目标总量等为依据的排污许可限值核定方式,提出了基于技术的排污许可限值确定流程.同时,设计出企业递交申请材料-数据初步审核-调查取样和实验分析-数据汇总和限值计算的排污许可限值确定技术流程,详细分析了污染物指标和两种限值——浓度限值及总量限值的确定方法.最后,以铁岭市企业为例,进行基于技术的排污许可限值计算的示范,并参照《水污染排放总量监测技术规范》和《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》,选取悬浮物、COD、动植物油、氨氮作为排污许可证监管项目.研究发现,参照美国国家污染物排放削减体系以COD为例进行最大浓度限值、年总量限值、日最大总量限值的计算,计算结果分别为50 mg·L-1、6.1 t、33.4 kg.结果表明,在此基础上形成了完整的技术方案,可为本行业和其他行业基于技术的排污许可限值的确定提供依据,并为排污许可证制度的实施提供技术支持.     

Federal and state management of inland wetlands: Are states ready to assume control?

As inland wetlands face increasing pressure for development, both the federal government and individual states have begun reevaluating their respective wetland regulatory schemes. This article focuses first on the effectiveness of the past, present, and proposed federal regulations, most notably the Section 404, Dredge and Fill Permit Program, in dealing with shrinking wetland resources. The article then addresses the status of state involvement in this largely federal area, as well as state preparedness to assume primacy should federal priorities change. Finally, the subject of comprehensive legislation for wetland protection is investigated, and the article concludes with some procedural suggestions for developing a model law.     

我国应逐步实施基于水质的排污许可管理

我国排污许可管理始于20世纪80年代中后期,经历了从探索、停滞到不断发展的历程.为研究我国排污许可的未来发展方向,对我国排污许可发展的历程和存在的问题,以及美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区的经验进行了分析.从我国排污许可的发展历程来看,我国第一阶段排污许可管理立法层次不高,反复试点、推进力度不够,且经济迅速发展导致污染物负荷量不断增长,客观上增加了排污许可实施的难度.“十三五”以来,我国已初步构建了以行业为基础的排污许可管理体系,但也面临着一系列的问题,主要是按行业发放排污许可难以与地表水水质直接挂钩、部分企业排污许可量过大难以约束企业排污、排污许可证核发任务重难以考虑水质达标要求、缺乏基于水质核发排污许可限值的管理实施细则等.针对上述问题,分析了以美国和欧盟为代表的发达国家和地区的排污许可管理经验,表明基于水质达标是实施排污许可管理的基本法律内涵和发展方向.在国内外排污许可发展经验教训总结的基础上,结合我国目前排污许可的实施进展,建议我国逐步实施基于水质的排污许可管理,主要措施有完善基于水质的行政区、流域和控制单元排污许可总量审核系统,编制和修订排污许可证管理相关技术规范,以水质达标为目标完善流域排放标准,完善基于水质的排污许可监管和处罚机制,尽快开展基于水质的排污许可示范,扩大公众参与等.“十四五”时期,建议我国的排污许可制应从重视系统体系构建,逐步过渡到基于水质的排污许可管理,并制订有针对性的管理法规和政策措施.      

浅析排污许可证制度在总量控制中的作用

为使污染物总量控制工作逐步走向深入并真正收到实效,对“排污许可证制度“中有关核定单位的污染物排放量、排污行为的有效约束,企业排污权的转移与交易、区域污染物排放状况的调控,以及如何确立该制度在污染物总量控制工作中的作用进行了探讨.     

关于我国排污许可阶段性属性特征的研究

《排污许可管理条例》的制定需要明确排污许可的属性特征。研究发现,全国人民代表大会常务委员会法制工作委员会(简称全国人大法工委)与原中华人民共和国国务院法制办公室(简称国务院法制办)在对行政许可法的解读中对排污许可的属性特征判定不同,存在争议。排污许可包括排污许可证与排污登记两种形式,这两种形式具有不同的属性特征。《排污许可管理条例》发布实施后,根据国家生态环境保护形势和实践工作需要,将分为全面实施阶段和完善深化阶段。在不同阶段,排污许可证的属性特征会发生变化,并对排污权交易产生影响。     

A decision tree for Coastal Management permit guidelines

The Louisiana Coastal Management Division (CMD) uses over 90 guidelines for permitting construction activities in the coastal zone. The use of the guidelines by, the CMD staff is not always systematically applied to permit applications. A set of guideline decision trees was, therefore, developed for the permit review process using a structural modeling technique. A decision tree provides the framework for optimizing the decision process. The order in which decisions are made contributes to the efficiency and uniformity of the process. The result provides a more timely and consistent review of most permit applications regarding mining, hazardous wastes, levees, and zoning.     

Mixing Zone Characterization of Two Transition Terrain Streams With Tracers1

Abstract: For most wastewater discharges to streams, the effluent creates a plume that becomes less distinct as it mixes with the receiving water. Constant‐discharge tracer studies were used to characterize the plume or physical mixing zone (PMZ) at two similar transition terrain streams. At both sites, the laterally unmixed PMZs did not extend across the entire stream and mixing occurred relatively quickly. The observed plumes were significantly smaller than the regulatory mixing zone (RMZ) allowed by the State of Colorado. At Site 1 mixing occurred within a much shorter distance due to the presence of a riffle zone located a few meters downstream of the discharge point. Interpretation of field data with an analytical model suggests that the effective transverse dispersion coefficient (k_z) for the riffle zone at Site 1 (～1 m²/s) was significantly higher than the average value over the longer nonriffle section at Site 2 (～0.01 m²/s). These results imply that to achieve the fastest mixing in transition terrain streams, thereby minimizing the size of the PMZ, discharge outfalls should be located upstream and close to riffle zones.     

实施大气污染物排放许可证制度必须纳入法制的轨道

通过对国内外实施排污许可证制度情况的分析;阐述了该项制度在我国大气环境管理中的地位和作用;论证了将其作为一项重要的新环境管理制度纳入法制轨道的必要性和可行性。