Hormetic response of cholinesterase from Daphnia magna in chronic exposure to triazophos and chlorpyrifos

In vivo activity of cholinesterase (ChE) in Daphnia magna was measured at di erent time points during 21-day exposure to triazophos and chlorpyrifos ranging from 0.05 to 2.50 g/L and 0.01 to 2.00 g/L, respectively. For exposure to triazophos, ChE was induced up to 176.5% at 1.5 g/L and day 10 when measured by acetylthiocholine (ATCh), whereas it was induced up to 174.2% at 0.5 g/L and day 10 when measured by butyrylthiocholine (BTCh). For exposure to chlorpyrifos, ChE was induced up to 134.0% and 160.5% when measured by ATCh and BTCh, respectively, with both maximal inductions detected at 0.1 g/L and day 8. Obvious induction in terms of ChE activity was also detected in daphnia removed from exposures 24 hr after their birth and kept in a recovery culture for 21 days. Results indicated that the enzyme displayed symptoms of hormesis, a characteristic featured by conversion from low-dose stimulation to high-dose inhibition. In spite of that, no promotion in terms of reproduction rate and body size was detected at any tested concentrations regardless of whether the daphnia were collected at end of the 21-day exposure or at end of a 21-day recovery culture. This suggested that induction of ChE caused by anticholinesterases had nothing to do with the prosperity of the daphnia population.     

Effects of stable aqueous fullerene nanocrystal (nC60) on Daphnia magna: Evaluation of hop frequency and accumulations under different conditions

We investigated the effects of environmental factors and properties of water-stable crystal fullerene (nC60) on the uptake of nC60 by Daphnia magna based on known accumulation in our laboratory. This study was performed for seven days using different environmental factors including temperature, pH, water hardness, concentration (density of particle), and particle size. Results demonstrated that body burden of C60 increased with time in all experiments. Body burden of C60 increased with increasing concentration and particle size, and uptake of particles >100 nm reached their maximums more quickly than those <100 nm. Under high hardness in aqueous systems with lower pH and high temperature, uptake was higher than those under opposite conditions. Uptake in all batch tests reached balance within five days. Both nC60 properties and environmental factors influenced uptake of nC60 by D. magna in an aqueous system. Additionally, environmental factors may have affected accumulation by changing nC60 properties, which are critical to understand the accumulation of fullerenes in aqueous systems.     

大型溞对水环境中抗生素抗性菌与抗性基因的摄食与去除

原后生动物是污水生物处理系统中的常见生物,了解它们是否能够摄食与去除抗生素抗性菌（ARB）和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）,对于建立藉捕食作用的ARB和ARGs去除技术具有重要意义.本研究以大型溞作为代表生物,探究了其对ARB和ARGs的摄食、去除效果与机制.使用荧光抗性菌直接观察其摄食过程,证实大型溞对ARB的摄食与富集.分析了溶液中和肠道中的ARB数目及drfA基因丰度变化,发现大型溞对ARB的摄食过程符合一级动力学;不同ARB浓度会影响大型溞的摄食及去除效果,在高ARB浓度下具有较高的过滤速率和滤食速率;大型溞的摄食减少了试验体系中的drfA基因丰度,检测到大型溞肠道内的DNA酶,其可能是导致其丰度减少的原因.     

壬基酚在蛋白核小球藻和大型溞体内的富集与传递

为探究壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)在水生生物中的富集传递效应,选择以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)为研究对象,开展蛋白核小球藻对NP的富集效应实验,及NP在蛋白核小球藻和大型溞体内的传递效应实验。研究结果表明,NP对蛋白核小球藻的96 h半数效应浓度(96 h-EC50)为3.13 mg·L~(-1),对蛋白核小球藻的生长和叶绿素含量的影响呈现明显的剂量-时间效应。NP对大型溞的48 h半数效应浓度(48 h-LC50)为37.41μg·L~(-1),属于高毒类化合物。蛋白核小球藻暴露于0.05 mg·L-1NP 4 h后,其生物富集系数(BCF)为5 144.93,富集量为252.2μg·g~(-1),在12 h内对NP的生物富集系数(BCF)最高达12 053.64,富集量为1 181.73μg·g~(-1)。以0.05 mg·L-1NP中暴露4 h后的蛋白核小球藻为饵料投喂大型溞7 d后,大型溞体内NP富集量最高达3.6μg·g~(-1)。0.05 mg·L~(-1)NP直接暴露组大型溞暴露10 d后,大型溞体内NP富集量最高达4.02μg·g~(-1)。蛋白核小球藻对NP具有较强的富集能力,能够通过摄食过程将NP传递到大型溞,经传递的NP能够显著抑制大型溞的生长、繁殖、摄食等生命活动。论文为评估NP在水生生态系统中的污染风险和富集传递效应提供了一定的参考依据。     

Quality of groundwater contaminated by leachates from seven Polish landfills – chemical and ecotoxicological classifications

The article presents the results of screening research on acute toxicity of groundwater contaminated by leachates to the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (ToxAlert 100® test) and crustacean Daphnia magna (Daphtoxkit F? magna test according to PN-EN ISO 6341), as well as on chronic toxicity to D. magna (test according to ISO 10706). The groundwater samples were taken from seven large city landfills in the Pomeranian province (Poland), which were open before 1990 and designed without proper attention to being leak-tight. Due to the lack of either European or Polish classification of ecotoxicological qualities of surface and underground waters, an attempt was made to evaluate the ecotoxicological quality of the examined waters on the basis of the Helsinki Committee's recommendations for industrial effluents, the classification of sediment according to Krebs (Krebs F. The pT-value as a classification index in aquatic toxicology. GIT Edition Umweltanalytik-Umweltschutz 1988;1:57–63) and the classification system of toxicity levels for natural waters and sewers, recently proposed by Persoone et al. (Persoone G, Marsalek B, Blinova, I, Törökne A, Zarina D, Manusadzianas L, Nalecz-Jawecki G, Tofan L, Stepanova N, Tothova L, Kolar B. A practical and user-friendly toxicity classification system with microbiotests for natural waters and wastewaters. Environ. Toxicol. 2003;18 (6):395-402).     

2,2’,4,4’-四溴二苯醚(BDE-47)对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的毒性效应

2,2’,4,4’-四溴二苯醚(BDE-47)在水体及各种水生生物(鱼类、海洋哺乳动物以及水生无脊椎动物)中被广泛检出,但BDE-47对水生无脊椎动物毒性效应的研究还处于起步阶段。以大型溞(Daphnia magna)为受试生物,通过急性(48h)和慢性(21d)毒性暴露实验,考察了BDE-47对大型溞活动抑制率、心率、产仔情况和酶活性等指标的影响。结果显示,BDE-47对大型溞活动抑制率的48h-EC50为112.5μg.L-1;高浓度(>100μg.L-1)BDE-47显著诱导提高大型溞的心率。21d慢性暴露实验中,8μg.L-1处理组中大型溞全部死亡;其他各浓度处理组(0.5、1、2、4μg.L-1)中,母溞第1胎产仔时间延后,第1胎子代数量减少,总产仔数量大幅减少,这表明大型溞的繁殖能力受到抑制。BDE-47在一定程度上抑制了母溞胆碱酯酶(ChE)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的活性,大型溞体内的代谢机制没有被诱导,神经活性虽被抑制,但抑制率不高。BDE-47大幅诱导过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,并呈现一定的剂量效应关系,相对于ChE和GST,CAT对BDE-47暴露更为敏感,可作为BDE-47对大型溞慢性暴露毒性效应的潜在生物标志物。     

制革废水处理系统各级出水的生态毒性评价

采用生态毒理学常用的大型溞（Daphnia magna）和活性污泥（activated sludge）作为试验系统,对制革废水处理系统各个环节出水进行毒性试验,以评价其处理效果。按照OECD标准试验方法,选取本实验室繁殖的大型溞（溞龄小于24 h）,和采自以处理生活污水为主的污水处理厂活性污泥,分别使用重铬酸钾和3,5-二氯酚作为参比物验证大型溞和活性污泥的毒性敏感性。以大型溞活动抑制和活性污泥呼吸抑制作为毒性终点,利用48 h静态试验和3 h曝气试验分别评价水样对于大型溞活动和活性污泥呼吸作用的急性毒性效应。统计各试验组大型溞的活动情况和活性污泥的呼吸速率,分别将其与空白对照组进行比较,计算大型溞的活动抑制率和活性污泥的呼吸抑制率,采用Bliss法统计制革废水处理系统各个环节出水对大型溞和活性污泥的半数抑制浓度（EC50）。结果表明：制革废水依次经过厌氧脱硫反应器、脱色厌氧反应器、微曝气反应器和厌氧氨氧化反应器的生物处理系统处理,其出水对大型溞和活性污泥的急性毒性已大为降低。进水、厌氧脱硫反应器出水、脱色厌氧反应器出水、微曝气反应器出水和厌氧氨氧化反应器出水对大型溞活动抑制试验的48 h-EC50分别为41.3%、32.2%、48.0%、91.2%和无抑制作用;活性污泥呼吸抑制试验3 h-EC50则分别为178.2%、101.5%、689.7%、184.6%和无抑制作用。总体上毒性呈现逐渐降低的趋势,而且大型溞比活性污泥更为灵敏。大型溞和活性污泥的生态毒性结果与化学分析的结果相互补充,可为制革废水处理提供预警和效果评价提供科学依据。     

氧化石墨烯存在下铜离子对大型溞的毒性研究

氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)作为一种具有独特物理化学性质的新型纳米材料被广泛应用,其进入环境后可能对传统污染物的毒性造成影响。选取大型溞为受试生物,研究了GO的存在对Cu在大型溞体内的富集、毒性和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,GO对Cu~(2+)具有良好的吸附效果,大幅降低了试验液中Cu~(2+)浓度。1 mg·L~(-1)和2 mg·L~(-1)GO存在下,大型溞暴露于19.2μg·L~(-1)Cu~(2+)溶液72 h后,体内的金属Cu富集量由360μg·g-1干重分别降低为308μg·g-1和215μg·g-1干重。GO的存在降低了Cu~(2+)对大型溞的毒性,Cu~(2+)对大型溞的72 h-LC50值由19.2μg·L~(-1)升高至56μg·L~(-1)。Cu~(2+)单独作用时,大型溞体内SOD活性和GSH含量表现为先诱导后抑制,而MDA含量逐渐升高;当GO存在时,大型溞体内酶活性的变化趋势与上述现象类似,但含量总体低于Cu~(2+)单独暴露时的活性和含量。研究表明GO的加入减少了大型溞体内Cu的富集量,降低了Cu~(2+)对大型溞的氧化损害,对Cu~(2+)的毒性存在一定的减轻效果。     

含氮杂环化合物对水生生物的毒性作用研究

研究了6种典型含氮杂环化合物对水生生物的急性毒性,获得了吲哚、吡啶、喹啉、异喹啉、2-甲基喹啉和8-羟基喹啉对小球藻的48 hEC50、对大型蚤的48 h LC50、对斑马鱼的96h LC50及对发光细菌的15min EC50值.6种物质对大型蚤、斑马鱼及发光细菌的毒性与其价分子连接性指数、辛醇/水分配系数显著相关.发光细菌毒性结果与大型蚤、斑马鱼的毒性结果显著相关,而与小球藻不相关.     

水体中重金属镉和锌对大型蚤联合毒性效应的初步研究

为了初步探讨重金属镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)对水生生物的联合毒性效应,以大型蚤(Daphnia magna)为研究对象,以蚤体内的金属硫蛋白(MT)含量为毒性指标,研究了重金属Cd和Zn对大型蚤的联合毒性作用.结果表明:Cd和Zn单独暴露下,大型蚤体内MT含量随水体中重金属浓度升高而升高,呈幂函数关系;Cd和Zn联合暴露下,蚤体内MT含量随联合浓度的升高呈先上升后下降趋势;在较低浓度时Cd、Zn表现为协同作用,在中等浓度时表现为相加作用,在较高浓度时表现为拮抗作用;MT可作为Cd、Zn联合毒性评价的敏感指标.