不同硒水平对大豆不同部位累积镉的影响

通过大豆盆栽试验,土壤中Se含量分别为1.56、2.56、3.56、6.56、11.56 mg/kg,研究硒对大豆生物量的影响,大豆茎、叶、果、壳富集Se以及累积Cd的规律。结果表明,适量的Se对大豆累积Cd起缓解作用,其中,除2.56mg/kg体现出硒镉的协同作用外,其它随着土壤中硒的含量的增加,大豆的茎、果、壳、叶累积Cd的含量逐渐降低。同时,大豆的豆粒具有良好的富硒能力,富硒能力的顺序依次是果>叶>茎>壳。     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid from different sources on Hg methylation in soil and accumulation in rice

Humus is often used as an organic modifier to reduce the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants, but the effects of different humus components from different sources on the fate of mercury (Hg) in paddy fields are still unclear. Here, fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) extracted from composted straw (CS), composted cow dung (CCD), peat soil (PM) and lignite coal (LC) were used to understand their effects on the methylation and bioaccumulation of Hg in paddy soil by pot experiments. Amendments of both FA and HA largely increased the abundance of Hg-methylating microbes and low-molecular-weight organic matters (e.g, cysteine) in paddy soil. They were also found to change the aromaticity, molecular size and Chromophoric DOM concentration of DOM, and resulted in heterogeneous effects on migration and transformation of Hg. All the FA-amended treatments increased the mobility and methylation of Hg in soil and its absorption in roots. Nevertheless, FA from different sources have heterogeneous effects on transport of Hg between rice tissues. FA-CCD and FA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg from roots to rice grains by 32.95% and 41.12%, while FA-CS and FA-LC significantly inhibited the translocation of inorganic Hg (IHg) by 52.65% and 66.06% and of MeHg by 46.65% and 36.23%, respectively. In contrast, all HA-amended treatments reduced the mobility of soil Hg, but promoted Hg methylation in soil. Among which, HA-CCD and HA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg in rice tissues by 88.95% and 64.10%, while its accumulation in rice grains by 28.43% and 28.69%, respectively. In general, the application of some FA and HA as organic modifiers to reduce Hg bioaccumulation in rice is not feasible.     

The effects of biochars from rice residue on the formation of iron plaque and the accumulation of Cd, Zn, Pb, As in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings

A historically multi-metal contaminated soil was amended with biochars produced from different parts of rice plants (straw, husk and bran) to investigate how biochar can influence the mobility of Cd, Zn, Pb and As in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.). Rice shoot concentrations of Cd, Zn and Pb decreased by up to 98%, 83% and 72%, respectively, due to biochar amendment, though that of As increased by up to 327%. Biochar amendments significantly decreased pore water concentrations (C_pw) of Cd and Zn and increased that of As. For Pb it depended on the amendment. Porewater pH, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved phosphorus, silicon in pore water and iron plaque formation on root surfaces all increased significantly after the amendments. The proportions of Cd and Pb in iron plaque increased by factors 1.8-5.7 and 1.4-2.8, respectively; no increase was observed for As and Zn. Straw-char application significantly and noticeably decreased the plant transfer coefficients of Cd and Pb. This study, the first to investigate changes in metal mobility and iron plaque formation in rice plants due to amending a historically contaminated soil with biochar, indicates that biochar has a potential to decrease Cd, Zn and Pb accumulations in rice shoot but increase that of As. The main cause is likely biochar decreasing the C_pw of Cd and Zn, increasing the C_pw of As, and increasing the iron plaque blocking capacity for Cd and Pb.     

Effect of arsenic on tolerance mechanisms of two plant growth-promoting bacteria used as biological inoculants

Bacterial ability to colonize the rhizosphere of plants in arsenic (As) contaminated soils is highly important for symbiotic and free-living plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) used as inoculants, since they can contribute to enhance plant As tolerance and limit metalloid uptake by plants. The aim of this work was to study the effect of As on growth, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, biofilm formation and motility of two strains used as soybean inoculants, Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109 and Azospirillum brasilense Az39. The metabolism of arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) and their removal and/or possible accumulation were also evaluated. The behavior of both bacteria under As treatment was compared and discussed in relation to their potential for colonizing plant rhizosphere with high content of the metalloid. B. japonicum E109 growth was reduced with As(III) concentration from 10 μM while A. brasilense Az39 showed a reduction of growth with As(III) from 500 μM. EPS and biofilm production increased significantly under 25 μM As(III) for both strains. Moreover, this was more notorious for Azospirillum under 500 μM As(III), where motility was seriously affected. Both bacterial strains showed a similar ability to reduce As(V). However, Azospirillum was able to oxidize more As(III) (around 53%) than Bradyrhizobium (17%). In addition, both strains accumulated As in cell biomass. The behavior of Azospirillum under As treatments suggests that this strain would be able to colonize efficiently As contaminated soils. In this way, inoculation with A. brasilense Az39 would positively contribute to promoting growth of different plant species under As treatment.     

矿井综采作业面毒害气体积聚现象的数值模拟研究

本文研究矿井综采作业面附近毒害气体的积聚过程和分布规律。由"U"型通风作业面实际情况出发,提出作业面几何模型和气体流动的动力学控制方程,运用数值分析方法跟踪以CH_4和CO为代表的毒害气体在正常通风作业面的积累和分布情况。计算结果证实,作业面煤层和采空回填区释放出的CH_4和CO因局部涡流作用在回风巷隅角积聚,气体浓度经历升高而后逐渐稳定的过程;设备附近的毒害气体积聚过程与回风巷隅角类似,但积聚速度较快。迎风面附近CH_4和CO气体浓度相对较低;受上浮效应影响,背风面的毒害气体浓度积聚过程主要发生在背风面中上部。在常规通风条件下,局部CH_4浓度已超出安全规程允许的最高值,CO浓度亦达到危害人体健康的水平。本项工作获得的认识为作业面附近毒害气体监测和控制提供指导。     

Effects of bisphenol A on energy balance and accumulation in brown adipose tissue in rats

Some environmental contaminants have the potential to affect humans or animals by mimicking the effects of hormones. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a weak estrogen agonist when tested using in vitro or in vivo bioassays. In addition to the well documented effects of estrogens on reproductive functions, ovarian hormones also have salient effects on mammalian energy balance and feeding behavior. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on body weight and food intake of ovariectomized adult female rats. Treatment with doses of 4 or 5 mg/day for 15 days resulted in a significant reduction of body weight gain with no reduction in food intake. A dose of 1 mg/day did not affect feeding or weight gain. BPA was detected in the blood, brain and adipose tissues of the BPA-treated animals but not in the vehicle control group. There was a preferential concentration of BPA in brown adipose tissue. These results indicate that BPA can affect energy balance and that brown adipose tissue may be a primary tissue into which BPA accumulates in mammals.     

小南湖水体中铜锰锌镉的迁移和积累特性

以杭州西湖的子湖（小南湖）的水生生态环境为研究对象，同步分析了水和底泥中重金属的形态分布，以及软体动物和水生植物的重金属的含量，揭示了Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ的积累、迁移和转化规律，结果表明：（１）水相中Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ主要以溶解态存在，Ｍｎ主要以颗粒态Ｉ存在；底泥中，Ｃｕ主要以有机结合态，Ｍｎ以铁锰氧化结合态，Ｃｄ以碳酸盐态、Ｚｎ以铁锰氧化结合态存在，在水和底泥中，重金属总量次序分别为：Ｚｎ〉Ｍｎ〉Ｃｕ     

Metal release/accumulation during the decomposition of Potamogeton crispus in a shallow macrophytic lake

Changes in metal concentrations in the litter of Potamogeton crispus were monitored during a consecutive 40-day in situ decomposition experiment using the litterbag method.The accumulation index was calculated and used to indicate the changes in the metals in litter.The results showed that the concentrations of Al,Cd,Cr,Fe,Mn,and Pb in litter increased significantly during the decomposition,while Cu and Zn concentrations decreased dramatically.Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of Al,Cr,Fe,and Mn and between Cu and Zn.Moreover,Cu and Zn both negatively correlated with Al and Fe.The remaining dry mass was negatively correlated with Al and Fe concentrations but positively correlated with Cu and Zn concentrations.Generally the accumulation index values of metals other than Al were less than one,indicating that the litter of P.crispus acted as a source of metals to the surrounding water body.Al was the only metal that showed continuous net accumulation in litter.The net accumulation of Fe and Mn in litter during the last 10 days of the experiment may indicate the precipitation of Feand Mn-oxides.It was estimated that 160 g/m~2(dry weight)P.crispus was decomposed in40 days.This was equivalent to releasing the following amounts of metals:0.01 mg Cd,0.03 mg Cr,0.71 mg Cu,0.55 mg Mn,0.02 mg Pb and 13.8 mg Zn into surrounding water,and accumulating 149 mg Al and 11 mg Fe,in a 1 m~2 area.     

桑叶表面氟化物吸附积累规律的统计研究

以各气象因素和大气氟化物浓度为生态因子,对大田桑园中各叶位桑叶的氟化物的吸附积累规律,进行了统计分析和研究,建立了各叶位桑叶的氟化物的吸附积累模型。