滤层厚度对慢滤池深度处理污水的性能影响

将慢滤池用于污水二级出水的深度处理,并利用小试装置研究了滤层厚度对慢滤池性能的影响。选取浊度、COD和色度三个指标,在滤层不同深度处多次取样,分析各指标沿滤层厚度的变化。结果表明,采用粒径为0．4～0．6mm,滤层厚度为800mm的石英砂做滤床时,慢滤池对二级出水具有较好的净化效果：当进水浊度、COD和色度分别为1.3～6．9NTU、30．4～70．0mg·L^-1和20．6°～57．6°时,平均去除率分别达到86．5％、45．0％和46．3％。从试验结果可以看出,慢滤池类似一个微缩的污水二级处理系统,滤层表面的粘性滤膜起到类似初沉池的作用,可以对各指标实现较好的去除,58．6％的浊度、52．7％的COD和45．7％的色度是在滤层上部去除的;慢滤池中部起到类似曝气池的作用,下部起到类似二沉池的作用,对水质指标也能实现一定的去除。     

OFFSITE MEASUREMENT OF THE VISUAL CLARITY OF WATERS1

ABSTRACT: The black disk method for measuring visual water clarity in situ is becoming established as a simple but robust method for optically characterizing natural waters. However, in spite of its virtues, the method is limited by a practical visibility minimum of around 0.1 m and the requirement for direct access to the water body at a point where there is adequate lighting for the visual observations. A method has been devised for measuring black disk clarity off-site on samples of waters, diluted if necessary, and contained in a trough constructed of galvanized steel. In 23 streams, rivers, and lakes of diverse optical and physical character, measurements of visual clarity of water samples contained in troughs agreed closely with in situ measurements and correlated well (inversely) with the beam attenuation coefficient measured by transmissometer. Therefore, at sites where in situ measurement is difficult, visual clarity of waters can be measured offsite on a water sample. Furthermore, the visibility of samples diluted with tap water of known clarity was predictable from a simple balance on light attenuation. This means that useful visual clarity measurements on very turbid waters and effluents can be made in a trough containing volumetrically diluted samples, so extending application of the black disk method to very low visual ranges.     

区域污染对本底地区气溶胶光学特性及辐射强迫影响的地基和卫星遥感观测研究

基于华北区域大气本底站(北京上甸子站)地面观测和卫星遥感监测数据,分析了2011年10月1~15日在天气系统和人为污染物排放的影响下3次华北平原地区污染输送事件对本底地区气溶胶质量浓度及其光学特性的显著影响.结果表明,受人为污染事件输送影响,上甸子站10月4~5日、7~9日及11~12日气溶胶浓度和反应性气体浓度显著增加,和10月1~3日背景条件相比,反应性气体NOx、CO体积浓度增加3~6倍,SO2体积浓度增加了10~20倍;PM2.5质量浓度10月9日达到200μg·m-3;污染期间500 nm日平均气溶胶光学厚度达到0.60~1.00,气溶胶单次散射反照率低于0.88,黑碳浓度增加4~8倍,表明此次污染事件气溶胶吸收很强,因气溶胶吸收作用导致大气吸收太阳辐射增加100~400 W·m-2,气溶胶吸收和散射导致地表入射太阳辐射下降100~300 W·m-2,地表入射太阳辐射减弱且大气加热增强将导致大气稳定度增加,这可能将显著影响云和降水过程,对区域天气和气候产生重要影响.     

Direct radiative forcing of urban aerosols over Pretoria (25.75°S, 28.28°E) using AERONET Sunphotometer data: First scientific results and environmental impact

The present study uses the data collected from Cimel Sunphotometer of Aerosol Robotic Network（AERONET） for the period from January to December, 2012 over an urban site,Pretoria（PTR; 25.75°S, 28.28°E, 1449 m above sea level）, South Africa. We found that monthly mean aerosol optical depth（AOD, τa） exhibits two maxima that occurred in summer（February） and winter（August） having values of 0.36 ± 0.19 and 0.25 ± 0.14,respectively, high-to-moderate values in spring and thereafter, decreases from autumn with a minima in early winter（June） 0.12 ± 0.07. The Angstrom exponents（α440–870） likewise,have its peak in summer（January） 1.70 ± 0.21 and lowest in early winter（June） 1.38 ± 0.26,while the columnar water vapor（CWV） followed AOD pattern with high values（summer） at the beginning of the year（February, 2.10 ± 0.37 cm） and low values（winter） in the middle of the year（July, 0.66 ± 0.21 cm）. The volume size distribution（VSD） in the fine-mode is higher in the summer and spring seasons, whereas in the coarse mode the VSD is higher in the winter and lower in the summer due to the hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles.The single scattering albedo（SSA） ranged from 0.85 to 0.96 at 440 nm over PTR for the entire study period. The averaged aerosol radiative forcing（ARF） computed using SBDART model at the top of the atmosphere（TOA） was- 8.78 ± 3.1 W/m2, while at the surface it was- 25.69 ± 8.1 W/m2 leading to an atmospheric forcing of ＋ 16.91 ± 6.8 W/m2, indicating significant heating of the atmosphere with a mean of 0.47 K/day.     

Properties of agricultural aerosol released during wheat harvest threshing, plowing and sowing

This study shows for the first time a chemical and morphological characterization of agricultural aerosols released during three important agricultural operations： threshing, plowing and sowing. The field campaigns were carried out in the eastern part of the Po Valley, Italy, in summer and autumn 2009. The aerosol particles were sampled on quartz fiber filters and polytetrafluoroethylene membranes in order to allow Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry （ICP-MS） analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer （SEM-EDS） investigations, respectively. The organic carbon mass concentrations were measured with a Sunset Laboratory Dual-Optical Organic Carbone/Elemental Carbon （OCEC） Aerosol analyzer. The morphological and chemical analyses by SEM-EDS allowed recognizing four main particle classes： organic, silica, calcite and clay minerals. The organic particles contribute to both fine and coarse aerosol fractions up to ca. 50% for all three agricultural activities. This was also confirmed by OCEC analysis for fine fraction. Most of the agricultural aerosols, about 60%, were single particles and the remaining 40% were agglomerations of particles. The ICP-MS results showed that threshing and plowing produce more aerosol particles than sowing, which was characterized by important amounts of clay minerals produced from land soils.     

工业园区污水处理厂的深度处理试验研究

针对河南某产业集聚区已建污水处理厂出水不能稳定达标问题,分别采用聚合硫酸铁混凝、高铁酸钾氧化协同聚合硫酸铁混凝、芬顿试剂氧化等方法对该厂的二沉池出水进行深度处理,研究了这三种方法对污水中CODcr和TP的去除效果.结果表明,聚合硫酸铁混凝不能将污水中的CODcr和TP处理达标;高铁酸钾氧化协同聚合硫酸铁混凝可以将污水中的CODcr处理达标,但是不能将污水中的TP处理达标;芬顿试剂氧化可以将污水中的CODcr和TP均处理达标,符合城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准一级A排放要求.     

秦岭红桦林土壤细菌群落剖面分布特征及其影响因素

研究秦岭辛家山林区红桦林细菌群落在土壤剖面上的分布状况,对评估土壤细菌在森林生态系统土壤肥力调节、碳氮循环等作用至关重要.采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌16S r DNA V3~V4可变区进行测序,结合相关生物信息学分析,初步探讨了红桦林0~10、10~20、20~40和40~60 cm这4个土壤层细菌群落丰富度、多样性指数和细菌群落组成及丰度变化.结果表明,在红桦林土壤剖面上,OTUs、Chao1指数、Shannon指数均在0~10 cm处达到最大值,分别为1 688、2 314、8.66,土层间差异不显著.4个土壤层的优势菌门均为酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria),主要的优势菌属为Gp4、Gp6和Gp16.优势菌门的相对丰度在土层间并不相同,0~10 cm土壤层具有较高的变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其相对丰度为23.62%,而40~60 cm具有较高的酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),相对丰度为62.88%.酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)与全氮、土壤有机碳、C/N、可溶性有机碳显著相关,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳显著相关.经RDA分析证明,影响秦岭红桦林土壤剖面细菌群落分布的主要土壤因素是可溶性有机碳.这些研究结果表明在秦岭红桦林土壤4个土层均有较高的细菌多样性,为进一步认识森林土壤细菌多样性奠定了理论基础,在研究森林生态系统土壤剖面养分循环过程时应予以考虑.     

基于光学在线监测及形态学研究的絮凝体强度分析方法

以PDA在线监测混凝过程和絮凝体形态学分析为基础,建立了絮凝体强度的分析评价方法.为了计算某一特定絮凝条件下形成絮凝体的黏结力,进行混凝实验并运用图像解析法及粒子图像测速技术研究絮凝体形态学特征.实验过程中将水样引入与光散射颗粒分析仪(PDA2000)相连的透明橡胶管内,并通过准确控制橡胶管内的水流速度梯度来改变作用于絮凝体上的剪切力,这样就可以在线监测絮体的破碎情况,然后根据PDA输出的FI曲线来确定絮凝体的临界破碎条件.根据临界破碎条件下剪切力、破碎力和黏结力的等量关系,确定黏结力系数k1,进而计算出可以表征絮凝体强度的黏结力B.该方法的有效性已经被大量以硫酸铝为混凝剂的腐殖酸混凝实验所证实.     

环境一号卫星CCD相机应用于陆地气溶胶的监测

环境一号卫星CCD相机应用在陆地气溶胶的监测中,因缺少短波红外通道,使地表反射的去除变得异常困难.应用改进的暗目标法,利用辐射传输方程(6S)构建查找表,对CCD相机数据进行图像重采样和辐射定标处理,进而对查找表进行插值,获得气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)分布.通过AERONET地基数据的验证及与MODIS气溶胶产品的对比表明,环境一号卫星CCD相机对陆地气溶胶的监测结果在AOD较大(>0.2)时,精度与MODIS相近;在AOD较小(<0.2)时,结果欠理想.     

检测水中急性毒性污染物的发光细菌光纤传感器的研究

水中有毒污染物的快速现场监测对于保障水环境安全具有重要意义,本研究开发了一种快速、灵敏、简便的监测水中污染物急性毒性的光纤生物传感器.该传感器由固定了明亮发光杆菌的光纤探头构成,生物发光信号经光纤传输到检测系统.采用海藻酸钠作为固定化凝胶,试验了海藻酸钠和CaCl2的浓度、固化时间、pH、保存条件等因素对凝胶和发光细菌的影响.优化后的传感器制备方法是在光纤探头上,用3%海藻酸钠在3?Cl2溶液中固定Photobacterium phosphorem T3菌15 min,制备好的传感器保存于3%NaCl溶液中.应用开发的传感器检测了Zn2 、NH3、硝基苯和甲酚4种典型污染物的剂量-效应曲线,通过计算确定了其EC50分别为:5.1、10.2、70.4、77.0 mg·L-1.通过与发光细菌标准方法的比较实验表明,发光细菌光纤传感器与标准法具有良好相关性,能反映水中污染物的总毒性.而传感器由于容易保存和携带,适合现场监测.