集对分析在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用研究——区间数与三角模糊数组合的集对分析

针对湖泊富营养化评价的不确定性型多属性决策问题,提出了基于区间数与三角模糊数组合的集对分析模型,引入简单关联函数来确定指标的权重,详细介绍了湖泊富营养化评价的基本原理和关于区间数、三角模糊数转化为集对分析联系数的表示方法。通过计算联系数的模以及属性等级模与属性值模的同一度,再利用这些同一度并参照属性等级数n建立n元联系数,再建立等级与联系数的映射关系确定评价等级。应用该模型对我国9个湖泊的富营养化程度进行了评价,该方法的评价结果与实际情况相符,为湖泊富营养化的治理和保护提供了技术支持。     

含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道失效评估研究

综合对比分析了ASME B31G、RSTRENG、DNV RP-F101等6种含腐蚀缺陷管道剩余强度的评估方法。将各方法应用到含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道进行失效压力预测,并将计算结果与全尺寸爆破实验结果进行对比,研究不同评估方法评估结果的准确性,以及管壁厚度、缺陷深度比和流动应力取值对评估结果的影响。研究结果表明,DNV RP-F101、PCORRC和LPC-1这3种方法更适用于含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道的失效评估。     

长期不同耕作方式下紫色水稻土和上覆水中汞及甲基汞的分布特征

为了解不同耕作方式对稻田中甲基汞的影响,在免耕冬水、垄作免耕、厢作免耕、水旱轮作和常规平作等5种耕作方式的长期定位试验地,分层采集土壤和上覆水样品,分析了汞及甲基汞的垂直分布特征.结果表明,免耕冬水、垄作免耕以及厢作免耕条件下土壤总汞含量在10~20 cm层最高,其中免耕冬水富集效果相对明显;而水旱轮作和常规平作处理则随土层加深呈下降趋势,其中水旱轮作更有利于汞的迁移转化.免耕冬水、厢作免耕、常规平作土壤甲基汞含量在剖面的分布规律与土壤总汞类似,除水旱轮作土壤汞甲基化能力在底层比表、中层较强外,其余4种处理则相反.5种耕作方式下稻田上覆水中溶解态汞(DHg)和溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)含量均随水深而增加,且水旱轮作和常规平作相对较高.各处理孔隙水中DHg含量与该层次土壤总汞含量有关,两者在土壤剖面上的波动趋势基本相同.免耕冬水、垄作免耕的孔隙水中DMe Hg含量及DMe Hg占DHg比例均在10~20 cm层出现最大值.水旱轮作和常规平作的孔隙水DMe Hg含量则相反,在10~20 cm层有最低值,两种处理的DMe Hg占DHg比例随土壤深度增加而上升.不同处理孔隙水中DMe Hg含量及DMe Hg占DHg比例均大于对应处理上覆水的值.     

城市环境风险评价——基于113个环境保护重点城市分析

基于2014年113个环境保护重点城市的环境风险源和环境风险受体数据,构建环境风险评价指标体系,采用因子分析和聚类分析,对案例城市进行环境风险水平评价和环境风险类型分类。结果显示,从环境风险空间分布角度,东部城市环境风险水平两极化严重,主要影响因素是污染物排放水平的差异;西部城市环境风险处于中等偏高水平;中部城市环境风险处于中等水平;东北城市环境风险偏高,需要尽快转变经济发展结构。根据环境风险类型分布,识别出6类环境风险管理重点城市及其风险管理重点方向。资源型城市和一线城市环境风险管理的重点是污染治理,经济发展相对落后城市环境风险管理的重点是风险抵御,其余城市需要进行环境风险综合预防和管理。     

某重金属污染场地典型物质浓度空间分布研究

以上海某重金属污染场地为例,运用地统计方法探索了研究区内三种典型物质(Cu、Sb和Ni)的空间变异特征、分布特征和相关关系.结果表明,受人为作用下的随机因素影响,三种重金属浓度分布的空间变异性较强,占场地面积80%范围内的三种重金属浓度超过背景值,占场地面积21.37%和23.33%的Sb和Ni超过上海市敏感用地筛选值,且表层污染范围大于深层,主要分布于原冶炼车间和机械加工车间.此外Sb和Ni分别与Cu表现出显著的共生关系.     

电力工程地下水环境影响评价方法研究

文章根据从事电力工程地下水环境影响评价的方法,介绍了电力工程地下水评价,探讨了电力工程地下水评价等级的评价,分析了前电力工程地下水环境影响评价实践中存在的技术问题,对地下水评价过程中的评价等级划分、项目所在区地质环境现状调查、水文地质试验及参数计算、地下水污染源确定及影响预测、污染防治措施的确定等方面构建出电力工程地下水环境影响评价的整体框架,提出了地下水环境影响评价的整体思路,并以完成审批的电力工程为例进行了分析和探讨.     

The evaluation of an analytical protocol for the determination of substances in waste for hazard classification

The classification of waste as hazardous could soon be assessed in Europe using largely the hazard properties of its constituents, according to the the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) regulation. Comprehensive knowledge of the component constituents of a given waste will therefore be necessary. An analytical protocol for determining waste composition is proposed, which includes using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) screening methods to identify major elements and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) screening techniques to measure organic compounds. The method includes a gross or indicator measure of ‘pools’ of higher molecular weight organic substances that are taken to be less bioactive and less hazardous, and of unresolved ‘mass’ during the chromatography of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The concentration of some elements and specific compounds that are linked to specific hazard properties and are subject to specific regulation (examples include: heavy metals, chromium(VI), cyanides, organo-halogens, and PCBs) are determined by classical quantitative analysis. To check the consistency of the analysis, the sum of the concentrations (including unresolved ‘pools’) should give a mass balance between 90% and 110%. Thirty-two laboratory samples comprising different industrial wastes (liquids and solids) were tested by two routine service laboratories, to give circa 7000 parameter results. Despite discrepancies in some parameters, a satisfactory sum of estimated or measured concentrations (analytical balance) of 90% was reached for 20 samples (63% of the overall total) during this first test exercise, with identified reasons for most of the unsatisfactory results. Regular use of this protocol (which is now included in the French legislation) has enabled service laboratories to reach a 90% mass balance for nearly all the solid samples tested, and most of liquid samples (difficulties were caused in some samples from polymers in solution and vegetable oil). The protocol is submitted to French and European normalization bodies (AFNOR and CEN) and further improvements are awaited.     

Critical Review of Environmental Forensic Techniques: Part I

A multitude of forensic techniques are available for age dating and source identification, including aerial photography interpretation, corrosion models, the commercial availability of a compound, chemical associations with discrete type processes, chemical profiling, degradation models and contaminant transport models. These techniques, however, are rarely challenged or discussed in the literature relative to the scrutiny encountered in environmental litigation. When introduced as scientific evidence, the governing assumptions and quality of the data are critically evaluated and frequently successfully challenged. The purpose of this paper is to review five types of forensic techniques and discuss their merits so that a user can decide which technique, or combination of techniques, is most appropriate for developing the technical portion of a case.     

Evaluation of the interaction between soil and antibiotics

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics in 13 different soil samples collected from agricultural fields. As well as the antibiotic analysis 18 different physicochemical properties of the soil samples were determined in order to establish a relationship between the recovery rates of antibiotics from the samples and the characteristics of the samples that provide critical information for the reliability of an applied antibiotic analysis method. While the concentrations of tetracyclines were 0.025–0.105 mg kg^?1 sulfonamide antibiotics were not detected in any investigated soil samples. The mean recovery rates of tetracyclines and sulfonamides were 84.57 ± 14.92% and 65.88 ± 8.56%, respectively. Although, the organic carbon contents and cation exchange capacities of the soil samples exhibited a great variation the results of multivariate statistical analysis indicated that the metal content of soils was the major factor significantly influenced the recovery rates of the antibiotics. The sulfonamide recovery rates were positively influenced by the calcium and magnesium amounts in the soil samples, whereas tetracycline recovery rates were markedly diminished by increasing the amount of these polyvalent metals.     

基于国际河流开发的国家水质标准差异对比分析

就国际河流相邻国家用水特点,分析我国与俄罗斯在地表水用于生活饮用水和农田灌溉水2个方面的水质标准进行对比分析,具体分析这2个标准在两国之间的总体差异和具体指标差异。分析的总体结论是俄罗斯的水质标准在项目分类、具体评价指标方面比我国丰富,具体指标的限值要稍严于我国标准。针对两国水质标准的不同,分析在国际河流开发利用中可能导致的冲突及这种差异对我国的影响,并从社会经济发展需求、水资源开发及相关政策关注重点等方面揭示两国水质标准存在差异的原因,为有效解决由于水质标准差异导致的争端提供科学依据。