石化罐区挥发性有机物源强反演技术的研究

石化企业是国民经济的支柱,亦是重大的污染排放源,其中大气污染以VOCs为主,而石化罐区是石化企业最常用的生产装置,研究石化罐区VOCs的核算具有重要的意义。同时,遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱技术以独特的优势,被广泛地应用于大气环境监测中,国内外一些研究学者试图将遥感傅里叶红外光谱技术与VOCs源强反演技术相结合,开发一条VOCs源强核算的新路。基于我国石化罐区的实际情况,提出了一种以遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱技术为监测手段,以石化罐区VOCs源强反演技术-扩散模式反推法为理论基础的石化罐区无组织排放VOCs源强反演的新方法,并介绍了其相关的研究理论、研究方法、研究进展,以及目前所存在的问题,为VOCs源强反演提供了一种新思路。     

紫外辐射对高岭土混凝过程的影响机制

高岭土普遍存在于水源水体中,对水处理过程以及污染物的迁移转化有着重要的影响.本文以聚合氯化铝作为混凝剂,通过烧杯实验系统考察了紫外辐射对高岭土混凝过程的影响规律.结果表明,在中性和偏酸性环境下,紫外辐射对高岭土悬浊液的混凝过程具有一定的促进作用.当溶液pH、混凝剂投量以及辐射时间分别为7.0、30 mg·L~(-1)和2.0 h时,紫外辐射后高岭土在混凝出水中的去除率可由原来的81.05%增至93.90%.这可能与光辐射后高岭土结构中的—OH伸缩振动吸收强度降低,Si—O伸缩振动吸收峰和Si—O弯曲振动吸收峰有所增强有关,使得高岭土表面的活性位点(—OH)数量下降;宏观上表现为微粒表面所带负电性下降,有利于在混凝过程中脱稳沉降.然而,在碱性条件下,其沉降性能却略低于未经紫外辐射处理的水样.     

环境微界面过程的原位和在线研究方法

环境微界面过程是污染物在各环境要素中迁移转化的基本过程,也是研究污染控制方法的基础.发展原位和在线研究方法,对于揭示污染物在环境微界面的迁移转化规律和进行污染控制过程的研究具有重要意义.本文基于环境微界面过程的基本特征,在针对多相环境催化的原位研究方法基础上,分析了用于环境微界面过程的原位和在线研究方法所面临的挑战和相应对策,主要介绍了红外光谱、拉曼光谱和质谱等技术在气固环境微界面过程原位研究中的应用,提出了发展环境微界面过程原位和在线研究方法体系的构想.     

Effects of support acidity on the reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction of NO by CH4 in excess oxygen

The reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by methane (CH₄) over solid superacid-based catalysts were proposed and testified by DRIFTS studies on transient reaction as well as by kinetic models. Catalysts derived from different supports would lead to different reaction pathways, and the acidity of solid superacid played an important role in determining the reaction mechanisms and the catalytic activities. Higher ratios of Br?nsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites would lead to stronger oxidation of methane and then could facilitate the step of methane activation. Strong Br?nsted acid sites would not necessarily lead to better catalytic performance, however, since the active surface NO_y species and the corresponding reaction routes were determined by the overall acidity strength of the support. The reaction routes where NO₂ moiety was engaged as an important intermediate involved moderate oxidation of methane, the rate of which could determine the overall activity. The reaction involving NO moiety was likely to be determined by the step of reduction of NO. Therefore, to enhance the SCR activity of solid superacid catalysts, reactions between appropriate couples of active NO_y species and activated hydrocarbon intermediates should be realized by modification of the support acidity.     

贫燃条件Ag-Rh/CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3协同催化C_3H_6选择性还原NO的原位红外研究

将Ag-Rh浸渍到共沉淀法合成的Ce-Zr-Al上,制备出Ag(0.04)-Rh(x)/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2-75%Al2O3系列催化剂,采用BET比表面积、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)对催化剂进行表征,并探讨催化剂在贫燃条件下选择性还原NO的活性和反应机理.结果表明,Ag-Rh双组分催化剂的活性较单组分Ag、Rh催化剂的高.Rh负载量为0.7%(质量分数)时,NO转化率达最佳(90.3%),且反应的起燃温度低、活性温度范围宽(300～500℃).DRIFTS结果显示,Rh的添加不仅有利于催化剂表面NO的吸附,而且能促进Ag催化生成关键反应中间体—CO—NH—,进而显著提高NO的转化率.     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中草酸的研究

实验比较了单独臭氧氧化、蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化剂吸附3种工艺去除水中草酸的降解效果.结果表明,蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化、单独臭氧氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化剂吸附对水中草酸的去除率分别为37 .6%、2 .2%和0 .4%,蜂窝陶瓷催化剂的存在显著提高了臭氧氧化降解水中草酸的去除效果.添加叔丁醇的浓度为5、10和15 mg·L^-1时,催化臭氧化对草酸的去除率分别降低了24 .1%、29 .0%和30 .1%,证明蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中草酸遵循·OH氧化机理,即非均相的催化剂表面强化了·OH的引发.TOC测试结果显示,蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化工艺可以将草酸彻底矿化,无中间产物生成.反应温度与草酸的去除效果成正相关性,当水体温度为10、20、30和40℃时,蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中草酸的去除率分别为16 .4%、37 .6%、61 .3%和68 .2%.     

Photocatalytic degradation of the dye sulforhodamine-B： A comparative study of different light sources

The photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutant sulforhodamine-B （SRB） in aqueous titanium dioxide （TiO2） dispersions was examined under three lighting regimes： UV light （330 nm〈λ〈 380 nm）, sunlight, and visible light （λ〉450 nm）, all investigated at pH=2.5. Total organic carbon （TOC） and chemical oxygen demand （CODer） assays show that the degradation rate of SRB is much higher when irradiated with UV and sunlight compared with visible light. The temporal concentration changes of SRB illustrated a first-order reaction and the rate constant, k, is 0.197 min^-1, 0.152 min^-1, 0.027 min^-1, respectively, under the three lighting conditions. The final mineralized products were amine compounds identified by infrared spectrophotometry. When irradiated with visible light, the photocatalytic degradation rate could be improved by lowering the H2O2 concentration and inhibited by increasing the H2O2 concentration, but results contrary to the above were obtained when UV light was used for irradiation.     

Fires in tropical forests – what is really the problem? lessons from Indonesia

Fires have attracted interest and generated alarm since the early 1980s. This concern has been particularly evident in tropical forests of Southeast Asia and the Amazon, but disastrous fires in recent summers in Australia, Europe, and the United States have drawn worldwide attention. Concern about forest fires, and related air pollution and biodiversity impacts, led international organisations and northern countries – such as the Asian Development Bank, the European Union, the Food and Agriculture Organisation, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank, and the government of Germany – to undertake fire assessments and provide technical assistance. Nongovernmental organisations, such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and World Wide Fund for Nature, have also devoted increased attention to fires. Aiming at prevention of future fires, 40 fire projects and missions costing well over US$30 million have worked in Indonesia over the last 20 years. Despite the money and effort spent on them, fires continue to burn every year. It may appear to some that efforts to address the ‘fire problem’ have not been effective as fires still occur. There remains a lack of clarity about ‘fire problems’, which has, at times, led to the adoption of policies that may have negative impacts on livelihoods, the environment, and the economy. Two ‘simple’ changes in the way fires are considered would significantly improve fire-related policies and initiatives.

红外光度法测定样品中石油类和动植物油存在问题的探讨

对国标中水质石油类和动植物油类的红外分光光度法测定实际样品时存在的采样量、萃取破乳、吸附分离步骤中出现的问题进行探讨和改进方法的尝试实验,并对国内外分析土壤、污水处理厂污泥、油田含油污泥样品中石油类的测定方法做了概括归纳及初步探讨。     

影响动植物油测定因素的分析

随着经济的发展,生活水平的提高,动植物油的使用量日益增加。水体中动植物油的污染也日益加剧,准确测定水体中动植物油的含量显得十分重要。实验中用食用植物油配制标准样品按照红外分光光度法(GB/16488-1996)进行测定。在测定过程中从比色皿、硅酸镁、pH、分样、材质等几个角度进行讨论,以期改进测定过程,获得更加准确的测定结果。