Underutilization of occupant restraint systems in motor vehicle injury crashes: A quantitative analysis from Qatar

Introduction: Restraint systems (seat belts and airbags) are important tools that improve vehicle occupant safety during motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). We aimed to identify the pattern and impact of the utilization of passenger restraint systems on the outcomes of MVC victims in Qatar.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted for all admitted patients who sustained MVC-related injuries between March 2011 and March 2014 inclusive.

Results: Out of 2,730 road traffic injury cases, 1,830 (67%) sustained MVC-related injuries, of whom 88% were young males, 70% were expatriates, and 53% were drivers. The use of seat belts and airbags was documented in 26 and 2.5% of cases, respectively. Unrestrained passengers had greater injury severity scores, longer hospital stays, and higher rates of pneumonia and mortality compared to restrained passengers (P = .001 for all). There were 311 (17%) ejected cases. Seat belt use was significantly lower and the mortality rate was 3-fold higher in the ejected group compared to the nonejected group (P = .001). The overall mortality was 8.3%. On multivariate regression analysis, predictors of not using a seat belt were being a front seat passenger, driver, or Qatari national and young age. Unrestrained males had a 3-fold increase in mortality in comparison to unrestrained females. The risk of severe injury (relative risk [RR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49–2.26, P = .001) and death (RR = 4.13, 95% CI, 2.31–7.38, P = .001) was significantly greater among unrestrained passengers.

Conclusion: The nonuse of seat belts is associated with worse outcomes during MVCs in Qatar. Our study highlights the lower rate of seat belt compliance in young car occupants that results in more severe injuries, longer hospital stays, and higher mortality rates. Therefore, we recommend more effective seat belt awareness and education campaigns, the enforcement of current seat belt laws, their extension to all vehicle occupants, and the adoption of proven interventions that will assure sustained behavioral changes toward improvements in seat belt use in Qatar.     

中国城市轻型车的排放特性

采用机动车实际上路排放测试系统对北京、重庆和成都3城市27辆轻型车进行了测试和分析;采用发动机比功率VSP、发动机负荷ES和排放单元BIN分析了轻型车瞬态排故的特征及影响排放的主要因素.结果表明.发动机技术和累计行驶里程对排放的影响很大,而VSP等概念还反映了道路坡度对排放因子的影响;由于城市道路坡度的差异,导致同一测试车辆在重庆和成都2个城市的排放水平相差10%～100%.     

关于中国在用汽车排污控制的若干问题——柴油车部分

文章结合《车用压燃式发动机和压燃式发动机汽车排气烟度排放限值及测量方法》（GB3847—2005）修订中的重大问题阐述中国在用柴油车排气烟度控制方面的新要求。主要包括：国10以来在用重型柴油车自由加速法的排气烟度限值、国2和国3柴油发动机的排气烟度水平、排放符合GB18352的压燃式轻型在用车的排气烟度限值、制造厂新生产汽车的烟度检验标准、在用柴油车加载减速工况检测法简介、制定加载减速工况法烟度限值的基本原则和方法、供地方参考的排放限值等。     

武汉市公交车内噪声监测与分析

对武汉市区公交车内的噪声进行监测,用等效连续声级、噪声污染综合指数及污染等级等指标对车厢内的噪声进行分析评价,对普通公交车及新型空调公交车内的噪声状况进行对比分析,并对车内的主要噪声源进行监测。结果发现,武汉市区公交车内普遍存在噪声超标的情况;空调公交车中无车载电视的公交车声环境较好。公交车内噪声的等效连续声级均超过75 dB（A）;噪声污染综合指数均超过1.0,属声环境恶化一类;噪声污染级都大于80。呼吁有关部门尽快出台相关的标准来规范公交车内的声环境,给人们的出行提供一个良好的乘车环境。     

行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态仿真研究*

为研究行人与轿车正碰后卷绕型运动形态规律以及行人损伤情况,基于PC Crash和MADYMO软件进行仿真分析。分析不同发动机罩倾斜程度对行人抛距的影响,以及不同车速、行人走向、前挡风玻璃倾角对行人头部、胸腔的损伤影响,最后通过CIDAS数据库中的3起真实案例进行验证。结果表明:分段抛距公式不仅能反映行人抛距变化趋势,而且在2个分段范围内均能较好地拟合实际抛距,平均误差为4.23%,实际案例验证的结果误差在5%以内,证明实验方法的准确性。     

基于自适应局部斥力与归一化面积损失的工程车辆目标检测*

为加强施工场景下的工程车辆安全监管,针对施工场景下工程车辆易互相遮挡、局部特征与全局特征相似以及场景环境复杂的问题,提出一种基于自适应局部斥力与归一化面积损失的工程车辆目标检测算法。其中自适应局部斥力损失可使待检测工程车辆与其他工程车辆目标框相排斥;归一化面积损失使网络学习集中在面积具有相对较大预测误差的工程车辆上;并结合聚类算法设定更适合工程车辆的锚框。研究结果表明:算法可实现在困难场景下对压路机、挖掘机、装载机3类工程车辆的快速准确检测与识别,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

基于IVE模型乌鲁木齐机动车大气污染物排放因子研究

本文通过对乌鲁木齐市主城区机动车车型、燃料和运行工况的信息调查,得到主城区机动车现状.在此基础上,采用IVE模型进行模拟,结合统计分析,计算得到了2010年乌鲁木齐市主城区机动车基于行驶里程的启动和运行排放因子.将有助于掌握乌鲁木齐市主城区机动车技术状况、车龄分布、年均行驶里程、在路行驶车型比例以及各型在用机动车排放状况,为制定主城区机动车排气污染管理措施,改善大气环境质量提供科学依据.     

基于声源成像的发动机模型试车噪声源分析

目的 在发动机试车噪声环境试验中,基于传声器阵列的声源成像测量方法,在近场单点测量之外,提供一种补充测量手段.方法 为验证基于传声器阵列的声源成像方法在发动机工作噪声试验研究中的有效性,通过发动机模型试车试验,设计并搭建传声器阵列,对试验噪声环境进行测量,并详细分析发动机试车中喷流噪声源特征.结果 通过声源成像分析手段获得了模型噪声源在时域和频域中的特征规律.通过声源成像云图中喷流噪声源在各个时刻的形态,能够直观反映出发动机模型工作各时刻状态.喷流噪声源在低频部分的能量比较高,声源主要分布在远离喷口的喷流下游位置处;在高频部分,声源主要分布在喷口附近.在中心频率为2000 Hz的1/3倍频程频段内,声压级最大的声源位置距离喷口最远.结论 通过试验和分析验证了声源成像在发动机模型试车噪声源分析中的可行性.     

Variation characteristics of fine particulate matter and its components in diesel vehicle emission plumes

A rapid reaction occurs near the exhaust nozzle when vehicle emissions contact the air. Twenty diesel vehicles were studied using a new multipoint sampling system that is suitable for studying the exhaust plume near the exhaust nozzle. The variation characteristics of fine particle matter (PM_2.5) and its components in diesel vehicle exhaust plumes were analyzed. The PM_2.5 emissions gradually increased with increasing distance from the nozzle in the plume. Elemental carbon emissions remained basically unchanged, organic carbon and total carbon (TC) increased with increasing distance. The concentrations of SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ (SNA) directly emitted by the vehicles were very low but increased rapidly in the exhaust plume. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reduced 42.7% TC, 40% NO₃^? emissions, but increased 104% SO₄^2? and 36% NH₄⁺ emissions, respectively. In summary, the SCR reduced 29% primary PM_2.5 emissions for the tested diesel vehicles. The NH₄NO₃ particle formation maybe more important in the plume, and there maybe other forms of formation of NH₄⁺ (eg. NH₄Cl). The generation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) plays a leading role in the generation of secondary PM_2.5. The SCR enhanced the formation of SOC and SNA in the plume, but comprehensive analysis shows that the SCR more enhanced the SNA formation in the plume, which is mainly new particles formation process. The inconsistency between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and primary organic aerosol definitions is one of the important reasons for the difference between SOA simulation and observation.     

道路行车安全性虚拟评价方法研究

针对在道路建成之前很难对设计道路进行有效的安全性评价的问题,在介绍运行车速评价法、速度分布评价法、线形指数评价法和驾驶人工作负荷评价法等国外道路安全评价方法的基础上,提出包括运行车速与设计车速差、相邻路段运行车速差、速度降低因子、横向力系数变化因子以及路段间的加速度值等5个评价因子在内的道路安全评价模型,并确定了相应指标的评价标准.该方法的评价过程包括自行模式和互动模式.自行模式是在驾驶员模糊车速控制模型的基础上预测路段的运行车速,从而进行线形的安全评价;交互模式主要是在虚拟仿真的基础上对道路、隧道、桥梁的交通工程设施、照明等系统进行安全性评价.通过该评价方法可以在道路的设计阶段发现存在的行车安全性问题,通过修改设计或进行安全改善,提高道路的运营安全性.