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61.
《International Journal of Green Energy》2013,10(2):251-263
Abstract Nanofiltration (NF) membrane is an alternative lower energy membrane type compared to reverse osmosis membrane. NF is suitable for rejection of ions and molecules with molecular weight greater than 200 Da. In this study leachate wastewater from a sanitary landfill site in Malaysia was filtered through a NF membrane in order to determine the rejection capability of the membrane towards pollutants such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), conductivity, nitrate, ammonia-nitrogen, and heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe. The NF membrane used was HL membrane, which under the atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging, showed visible discrete pores. The overall rejections of the pollutants were more than 85% except for nitrate and ammonia nitrogen. NF can be considered an alternative for advanced filtration especially within a hybrid treatment system combining biological–physical treatment and membrane filtration. 相似文献
62.
The Hanai-Bruggeman effective medium theory is used to relate bulk electrical conductivity, measured by surface and cross-borehole images, to fluid electrical conductivity, surface conductance, porosity and the geometry factor, in a medium- to fine-grained sand deposit. The change in bulk EC is caused by the presence of a landfill leachate plume. Repeated electrical images over a period of 16 months indicate that various segments of the plume are moving. The chemical constituents of the leachate plume have been determined by sampling from a bundled piezometer located in the electrical image field. Very close agreement is demonstrated between the fluid EC anomaly and the presence of elevated bulk EC indicating that the electrical images can be used to map the plume geometry and to monitor the movement of the plume segments. 相似文献
63.
Avoiding percolation of water into refuse is the key function of landfill covers. ‘Phytocapping’ has been considered as an
effective, economical and environment-friendly technique for landfill remediation. In this technique, trees are established
on a layer of soil cap placed over the refuse. Soil cover acts as a ‘storage’ and trees act as ‘bio-pump and filters’. For
effective functioning of this technique, it is critical that an ‘optimum’ depth of soil is placed over the refuse, and ‘suitable’
plant species are used as plant cover. Preliminary results of a phytocapping trial (using 21 tree species and two depths of
soil layers) show that the established trees can remove more water than that received via rainfall and rainfall interception
can reduce up to 20% of the rain reaching the soil in a 1.5 year old plantation. The study is also trialling an US numeric
model ‘STOMP’ (Subsurface Transport over Multiple Phases), to calculate daily water balance, to identify suitable plant species
and to optimise thickness of the soil cover to be used in phytocapping. 相似文献
64.
This study assesses the efficiency of various physico-chemical, biological and other tertiary methods for treating leachate.
An evaluation study on the treatability of the leachate from methane phase bed (MPB) reactor indicated that at an optimum
hydraulic retention time of 6 days, the efficiency of the reactor in terms of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical
oxygen demand (COD) removal was 91.29 and 82.69%, respectively. Recycling of the treated leachate through the municipal solid
waste layers in the leachate recycling unit (LRU) resulted in a significant increase in the biodegradation of organics present
in the leachate. Optimum BOD and COD removal efficiencies were achieved at the third recycle; additional recycling of the
leachate did not produce any significant improvement. Physico-chemical treatment of the leachate demonstrated that alum and
lime (Option 2) were more economical than coagulants lime and MgCO3. A cost analysis of the economics of the various treatments revealed that the alternative treatment consisting of a MPB bed
followed by a LRU and aerated lagoon is the most cost-effective treatment. However, the alternative consisting of a MPB followed
by the LRU and a soil column, which is slightly more costly, would be the most appropriate treatment when adequate land is
readily available. 相似文献
65.
66.
Pradeep Jain Timothy G. Townsend Thabet M. Tolaymat 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(9):1667-1673
This study presents the development of design charts that can be used to estimate lateral and vertical spacing of liquids addition devices (e.g., vertical well, horizontal trenches) and the operating duration needed for transient operating conditions (conditions until steady-state operating conditions are achieved). These design charts should be used in conjunction with steady-state design charts published earlier by Jain et al., 2010a, Jain et al., 2010b. The data suggest that the liquids addition system operating time can be significantly reduced by utilizing moderately closer spacing between liquids addition devices than the spacing needed for steady-state conditions. These design charts can be used by designers to readily estimate achievable flow rate and lateral and vertical extents of the zone of impact from liquid addition devices, and analyze the sensitivity of various input variables (e.g., hydraulic conductivity, anisotropy, well radius, screen length) to the design. The applicability of the design charts, which are developed based on simulations of a continuously operated system, was also evaluated for the design of a system that would be operated intermittently (e.g., systems only operated during facility operating hours). The design charts somewhat underestimates the flow rate achieved and overestimates the lateral extent of the zone of impact over an operating duration for an intermittently operated system. The associated estimation errors would be smaller than the margin of errors associated with measurement of other key design inputs such as waste properties (e.g., hydraulic conductivity) and wider variation of these properties at a given site due to heterogeneous nature of waste. 相似文献
67.
A field study was developed in a new landfill for refuse from construction and demolition (C&D) material recovery plants of small size (4 Ha.) in Europe, with the aim of evaluating the liquid and gas emissions in this type of facility at a large scale. It included characterization of the materials, monitoring leachate and gas quantity and composition. Besides thermometers, piezometers and sampling ports were placed in several points within the waste. This paper presents the data obtained for five years of the landfill life. The materials disposed were mainly made up of wood and concrete, similar to other C&D debris sites, but the amount of gypsum drywall (below 3% of the waste) was significantly smaller than other available studies, where percentages above 20% had been reported. Leachate contained typical C&D pollutants, such as different inorganic ions and metals, some of which exceeded other values reported in the literature (conductivity, ammonium, lead and arsenic). The small net precipitation in the area and the leachate recirculation into the landfill surface help explain these higher concentrations, thus highlighting the impact of liquid to solid (L/S) ratio on leachate characteristics. In contrast to previous studies, neither odor nuisances nor significant landfill gas over the surface were detected. However, gas samples taken from the landfill inside revealed sulfate reducing and methanogenic activity. 相似文献
68.
锑的生物毒性测试可以间接反映锑及其化合物对生物与生态系统的影响。在简要介绍锑在土壤环境中赋存特征的基础上,综述了不同类型生物对土壤及其浸提液中锑的毒性响应,比较了不同的生物毒性测试方法在土壤环境中锑污染识别的可行性及适应性,并提出了考虑土壤性质及老化时间对锑生物毒性评价的影响,以及使用不同营养等级指示生物(微生物、动物和植物)评价等建议。 相似文献
69.
Yasunori Kawagoshi Isao Fukunaga Hisao Itoh 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》1999,1(1):53-61
Organophosphoric acid triester (OPE) concentration levels in water and bottom sediment at the Osaka North Port Sea-Based Solid
Waste Disposal Site were investigated, and the behavior of OPEs in the water environment of the waste disposal site was examined.
The more highly water-soluble OPEs were frequently detected in raw water. Of the OPEs detected, TCEP and TCPP showed very
high concentrations (1.0–90 μg/l), followed by TEP (0.3–10 μg/l) > TBXP (0.8–6.3 μg/l) > TDCPP (0.6–6.2 μg/l) > TBP (0.2–1.5 μg/l)
> TPP (<0.1 μg/l). Most OPEs detected in water were eluted from the disposal waste to the water phase immediately and behaved
as dissolved forms with no distribution in suspended solids (SS). On the other hand, the less water-soluble OPEs, such as
TCP or TEHP, were detected in bottom sediment but hardly at all in water samples. All OPEs were detected at the waste disposal
site, within which their concentration levels were uniform. It appeared that the less water-soluble OPEs were present as SS-associated
forms and behaved in line with the floating surface sludge at the bottom.
Received: July 6, 1998 / Accepted: February 25, 1999 相似文献
70.