生活垃圾填埋过程含水率变化研究

为分析垃圾在好氧和厌氧条件下降解过程中含水率变化的规律,采用时域反射测量(time domain reflectometry,TDR)技术监测了垃圾填埋过程中含水率的变化情况.结果表明,填埋过程中垃圾体积含水率随时间逐渐增大,垃圾持水性能不断提高.好氧初期垃圾内水量变化与含水率变化正相关,好氧后期则为负相关;厌氧填埋过程中,垃圾沉降压缩是含水率变化的主要原因.垃圾TDR读数与基于物质衡算的垃圾体积含水率计算值之间有较好的相关性,好氧填埋过程两者最大偏差约为±5%,厌氧填埋过程两者最大偏差约为±2%,TDR技术适用于实际填埋工程的含水率测量.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

时间序列沉积物捕获器（sediment trap）及其在青海湖的放置

沉积物捕获器在认识现代沉积过程方面具有独特的优势,已在海洋和国外一些大湖的研究中得到了成功的应用,但相关的工作在我国湖泊研究中尚未开展。Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器是用来连续收集水体沉降颗粒物的仪器,可以获得沉积物输入通量和季节性变率。本文在介绍了该类型沉积物捕获器的设计、工作原理、投放和回收等基本知识的基础上,阐明了我们选择青海湖作为放置沉积物捕获器的理由和科学意义。在本专题的五篇论文中,我们展示了在青海湖放置的沉积物捕获器于2010年7月至2012年9月期间收集的沉积物和湖水样品的研究结果和同步的实时监测数据。通过在青海湖两年多的试验性地放置以及初步的结果,我们建议在我国典型内陆不同位置的湖泊等水体长期地放置这类沉积物捕获器,将为湖泊等水体系统的现代沉积和生物过程的深入理解提供全新的视角。     

GJB 150.3A高温试验方法的应用及分析

介绍了GJB150．3A高温试验方法的由来以及与GJB150．3之间的联系和区别。重点对该方法中试验项目的剪裁、试验程序的选择、试验条件的确定以及试验顺序的安排进行了分析,并以某型直升机机栽天线为例,详细说明了该试验方法的应用,最后就其未来发展趋势进行了探讨。     

长输管道穿越河流的环境影响及对策浅析

由于近年来施工机械及河流穿越技术的不断进步,对于各地区不同的气候和地质条件,各类长输管道穿越河流等特殊地段的施工方式日趋多样化,除工程成本及管线安全性外,也更多的考虑到了工程施工给周边环境带来的不良影响,如何在穿越地段选择合理的施工方式和污染防治措施已成为工程设计阶段的重要关注点,本文主要针对目前中国油气长输管道穿越河流段普遍采用的施工方式进行环境影响分析,并在此基础上提出相应污染防治措施。     

县域土地利用规划生态环境影响评价研究——以陇县为例

以生态服务价值理论为指导,从土地利用变化动态度、生态系统服务总价值和生态价值敏感度3个方面评价陇县土地利用总体规划(2006～2020年)对区域生态环境的影响。结果表明,林地、耕地在规划期内生态系统服务价值都呈增长趋势,区域生态系统服务总价值增加了30700万元。     

不同SRT条件下厌氧污泥中氮元素的变化规律研究

氮素是衡量污泥性能的重要指标之一,在污泥厌氧消化过程中,污泥中所含的四种氮素形态之间可相互转化,研究其过程中的氮素变化规律对于优化厌氧消化工艺具有重要的指导意义。通过对5 d和10 d两种不同污泥停留时间(SRT)的污泥厌氧消化系统的研究,分析氮元素的变化规律。研究结果表明,SRT为5 d天和10 d的两个系统中,均无亚硝态氮的累积,实验前期,10 d的系统中硝态氮的产生速率比5 d的快,但系统运行10 d后10 d系统的硝态氮的含量低于5 d系统。在两反应系统中,氨氮的变化规律十分接近,10 d的系统中氨氮含量一直高于5 d的系统。总氮含量的变化与氨氮含量变化一致,四种形态氮素中,对总氮贡献最大的是氨氮。实验过程中,两系统中均并无明显产气现象,在SRT小于等于10 d的厌氧反应器中,虽然有发生反硝化反应,但通过该反应去除的氮素极少。     

高锰酸盐指数测定中影响因素的探讨

通过对酸性法测定高锰酸盐指数全过程的分析,结果表明水样静置时间、水样浓度、水浴时间、反应温度等因素影响测定结果。文章总结了测定过程中需要注意的几个关键环节,确保获得准确数据。     

pH和发酵时间对厨余垃圾发酵产乳酸及光学特性的影响

通过间歇实验探讨了在中温、非灭菌条件下,pH和发酵时间对厨余垃圾发酵产乳酸及其光学特性的影响.结果表明,采用非灭菌的厨余垃圾发酵产乳酸,发酵液中还原糖浓度低,pH调节到近中性和偏碱性（pH为6～8）的各组还原糖浓度高于偏酸性组（pH=5和pH=4的对照组）;在控制pH为7时,总乳酸产生速率达到0.59 g·(L·h)^-1,单位挥发性固体的乳酸产量达到0.62 g·g^-1;控制pH为7和8时,以有机碳表示的乳酸分别占发酵液总有机碳的78%和89%;控制pH为8时,L-乳酸是主要的异构体形式,单位挥发性固体L-乳酸产量达到0.48 g·g^-1;响应面分析结果表明,发酵时间在120 h前,随着pH升高和发酵时间的延长,发酵液中L-乳酸浓度增大,120 h后则下降;pH和发酵时间对L-乳酸占总乳酸的比例有明显影响：偏酸性条件(未调pH及pH=5),发酵前120 h,该比例随发酵时间逐渐增大,L-乳酸在总乳酸中的比例达到0.9,其后,则逐渐下降;偏碱性条件下(pH=8),L-乳酸在总乳酸中的比例在整个发酵时间段内都保持在0.86以上,在发酵时间48 h时达到0.93,而在pH中性条件下,该比例在发酵后期显著下降;控制pH为8时,可以同时获得高的乳酸产量和光学纯度.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.