对化工园区标准化管理体系应用实践的认识

随着全球经济一体化步伐的加快,中国的化工企业已呈现各种化工园区集聚发展的态势。化工园区作为地区化工行业集聚区域,也是一个地区工业经济发展的重要载体,已逐渐成为推动区域经济快速增长的重要支撑。本文分析了国内外先进化工园区管理模式及经验,总结了目前国内化工园区管理中存在的问题,通过借鉴国内外先进化工园区管理模式及成功经验,分析提出解决化工园区环境管理问题的建议,以期为改善园区管理现状、促进化工园区科学发展提供理论依据。     

东营市化工聚集区地下水TOC污染空间分布特性

为掌握东营市化工聚集区地下水受有机污染的总体程度,对该市三县两区96个调查点位的地下水TOC进行了监测。结果表明:化工聚集区地下水TOC质量浓度分布范围为1.5~19.6 mg/L,87.5%的数据集中在2~10 mg/L区段,其中2~4 mg/L的区段数据最密集,数据分布呈对数正态分布。受区域内外部因素共同影响,地下水超标率和异常值比率分别达到62.5%和18.8%,且由南向北呈明显上升趋势;存在浓度均值超标和异常突变数据的化工聚集区数量分别占调查总量的75%和62.5%。地下水TOC受环境地质分布影响显著,黄泛平原区比山前平原区污染范围和程度更高;河口区和广饶井罐区分别是东营市和广饶县地下水污染最严重的地区,广饶县西北部是东营市地下水TOC水质最好的地区。     

臭氧/活性炭联合工艺深度处理焦化废水

采用臭氧/活性炭联合工艺对焦化废水A2/O出水进行深度处理。考察了溶液初始pH值、臭氧投加量、活性炭投加量及使用次数、反应时间对焦化废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,活性炭的使用可显著提高臭氧对焦化废水COD的去除率,在溶液初始pH值为10.25、臭氧投加量为7.5 mg/min、活性炭投加量50 g/L、反应时间为30 min条件下,COD去除率达到73.51%。同时,在活性炭重复使用10次时,COD去除率为70.85%,仅降低了2.66%。     

Effects of Widespread Drought‐Induced Aspen Mortality on Understory Plants

Forest die‐off around the world is expected to increase in coming decades as temperature increases due to climate change. Forest die‐off will likely affect understory plant communities, which have substantial influence on regional biological diversity, ecosystem function, and land–atmosphere interactions, but how die‐off alters these plant communities is largely unknown. We examined changes in understory plant communities following a widespread, drought‐induced die‐off of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the western United States. We assessed shrub and herbaceous cover and volume in quadrats in 55 plots located across a wide range of levels of aspen mortality. We measured species richness and composition of herbaceous plant communities by recording species presence and absence in 12 sets of paired (1 healthy, 1 dying) aspen plots. Although understory composition in healthy and dying stands was heterogeneous across the landscape, shrub abundance, cover, and volume were higher and abundance of herbaceous species, cover, and volume were lower in dying aspen stands. Shrub cover and volume increased from 2009 to 2011 in dying stands, which suggests that shrub growth and expansion is ongoing. Species richness of herbs declined by 23% in dying stands. Composition of herbs differed significantly between dying and healthy stands. Richness of non‐native species did not differ between stand types. The understory community in dying aspen stands was not similar to other shrub‐dominated plant communities in the region and may constitute a novel community. Our results suggest that changes in understory plant communities as forests die off could be a significant indirect effect of climate change on biological diversity and forest communities. Efectos de la Mortalidad Extensiva de Álamos Inducida por Sequía sobre Plantas del Sotobosque     

加速溶剂萃取气相色谱负化学离子源质谱法分析土壤中有机氯农药

通过优化萃取条件建立了一套土壤中有机氯农药的加速溶剂萃取方法;采用固相萃取实现了样品的净化,气相色谱负化学离子源质谱实现了高灵敏度检测,建立了一套土壤中19种有机氯农药的快速分析方法,各目标物的检出限为0.001～0.009μg/g,采用来自于不同地区的砂土、黏土、亚黏土等不同类型的样品进行加标实验,回收率为60%～120%。     

氟化工“三废”的资源化利用

结合我国氟化工行业发展现状,分析了含氟"三废"产生情况及处置方法的最新研究进展,并通过实际工程案例进行论述。氟化工生产过程污染物主要有含氟废气及副产氯化氢、含氟高沸物及含氟污泥等。通过将氯化氢用于工业清洗及制备氯化钙、氯化铝等化学品能够合理消耗副产盐酸。焚烧处理含氟有机废气产生的氟化氢气体经水洗后副产氢氟酸。含氟高沸物通过精馏分离出高沸物组分生产高附加值产品。含氟污泥可制成建筑材料,最优工业化利用途径仍在积极研究中。     

基于三维荧光光谱特征峰的水体有机污染物综合指标检测

对来源不同一的32个水样进行三维荧光光谱的测定,并用5种典型有机物的荧光特征峰A(腐殖酸类)、C(腐殖酸类)、B(络氨酸类)、T1(色氨酸类)、T2(色氨酸类)进行了单一和组合式建模,发现对于来源不同一的水体的总有机含碳量(TOC)、化学耗氧量(COD)的检测采用这种提取特征峰建模的效果并不理想.该研究说明,依据典型特...     

Potential Methods for Managing Prymnesium parvum Blooms and Toxicity,With Emphasis on Clay and Barley Straw: A Review1

Hagström, Johannes A., Mario R. Sengco, and Tracy A. Villareal, 2010. Potential Methods for Managing Prymnesium parvum Blooms and Toxicity, With Emphasis on Clay and Barley Straw: A Review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):187-198. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00402.x Abstract: Harmful algal bloom (HAB) control and mitigation is a complex problem in ecosystem management. Phytoplankton play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as primary producers and food sources for many commercially important shellfish and there are limited options for targeting just a single species within the community. Chemical treatments (e.g., algaecides), rotting barley straw, nitrogen and phosphorus manipulation, and clay and/or flocculants are but a few techniques tested or used to reduce fish kills or shellfish contamination during a HAB event. Prymnesium parvum control has focused on the use of chemicals, nutrient manipulation, and clay flocculation. However, many HAB control methods have been rejected due to their effects on ecosystems, high costs, or limited effects on target organisms. For example, rotting barley straw (Hordeum vulgare) is considered to be an environmentally friendly alternative, but has been found to have very different results on the phytoplankton community depending on the dominating taxa and is ineffective against P. parvum and dinoflagellate blooms. Clay flocculation is a useful control/mitigation technique during fish kills in marine aquaculture sites in South Korea and can be effective in freshwater if the correct combination of clay and flocculent is used. Toxins produced by P. parvum and Karenia brevis also bind to phosphatic clay, thereby removing and/or neutralizing the toxins, but there is concern that the clay will have a negative effect on sessile organisms. Some shellfish suffer high mortalities and significant impacts on somatic and reproductive tissue growth at high clay loads; however, benthic communities appear to be unchanged after five years of clay treatment in South Korea. There are likely site-specific and ecosystem-specific characteristics that make generalizations about control options difficult and require careful assessment of options at each location.     

Toxicity and Repellency of Hot Pepper Extracts to Spider Mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch

Increasing concern about persistence and environmental impact of synthetic pesticide residues require development of biodegradable and environmentally safe alternatives. The potential of using fruit extracts of hot pepper as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for controlling the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is explored in this study. Twenty-four Capsicum accessions (Solanaceae) were screened for their toxicity and repellency to the spider mites. Crude extracts from fruits of C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum, C. annuum, and C. pubescens were prepared in methanol and tested for their acaricidal properties. Spider mite mortality was greatest (45%) when fruit extract of accession Grif-9169 (C. annuum) was used. Results from diving board bioassays indicated that mites avoided filter paper strips treated with hot pepper extracts from accessions PI-596057 (C. baccatum), PI-195299 (C. annuum), and Grif- 9270 (C. annuum). This investigation suggests that methanolic extracts of these three accessions may have a great potential for repelling spider mites and should be field-tested on a large-scale to assess their value in managing populations of spider mites, which could reduce reliance on synthetic acaricides. An attempt was made to correlate repellency with chemical constituents of fruit extracts of the most repellent accessions to identify chemical sources of repellency. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, the pungent components of pepper fruit, were not correlated with toxicity or repellency, indicating that these are not likely related to the toxicity or repellency of the pepper fruit extracts. Other, unidentified chemicals are likely responsible for toxicity and repellency to the two-spotted spider mite     

Screening differentially expressed genes in an amphipod (Hyalella azteca) exposed to fungicide vinclozolin by suppression subtractive hybridization

Vinclozolin, a dicarboximide fungicide, is an endocrine disrupting chemical that competes with an androgenic endocrine disruptor compound. Most research has focused on the epigenetic effect of vinclozolin in humans. In terms of ecotoxicology, understanding the effect of vinclozolin on non-target organisms is important. The expression profile of a comprehensive set of genes in the amphipod Hyalella azteca exposed to vinclozolin was examined. The expressed sequence tags in low-dose vinclozolin-treated and -untreated amphipods were isolated and identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. DNA dot blotting was used to confirm the results and establish a subtracted cDNA library for comparing all differentially expressed sequences with and without vinclozolin treatment. In total, 494 differentially expressed genes, including hemocyanin, heatshock protein, cytochrome, cytochrome oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase were detected. Hemocyanin was the most abundant gene. DNA dot blotting revealed 55 genes with significant differential expression. These genes included larval serum protein 1 alpha, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, mitochondrial protein, proteasome inhibitor, hemocyanin, zinc-finger–containing protein, mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase and epididymal sperm-binding protein. Vinclozolin appears to upregulate stress-related genes and hemocyanin, related to immunity. Moreover, vinclozolin downregulated NADH dehydrogenase, related to respiration. Thus, even a non-lethal concentration of vinclozolin still has an effect at the genetic level in H. azteca and presents a potential risk, especially as it would affect non-target organism hormone metabolism.