温度对活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺中红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖影响

活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺在春夏之交常发生红斑颗体虫的爆发性繁殖,使系统性能恶化。用烧杯实验模拟活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺,保持填料投配率为30％,分别在不同温度下（20,25,30℃）运行实验装置,待运行稳定后,接种红斑颗体虫,创造条件以观察红斑颗体虫是否发生爆发性繁殖。实验结果发现,红斑颗体虫在25℃和30℃都不同程度产生了爆发性繁殖,最大种群密度分别达到383个／mL和200个／mL,同时,红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会对进出水的COD和氨氮去除产生影响;在温度25℃和30℃时,红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖都导致了总氮的释放,红斑颗体虫种群密度分别大于等于66个／mL和50个／mL可分别作为红斑颡体虫在25℃和30℃发生爆发性繁殖的标志;实验也证明了红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会产生大量啃食生物膜的现象;用SPSS做多元线性回归分析,得出红斑颢体虫的最大种群密度与总氮的释放显著相关。     

中国城市生活垃圾处理现状及发展建议

通过对不同发达国家城市生活垃圾处理方式的研究,发现并不是所有发达国家城市生活垃圾处理都是以焚烧方式为主,垃圾焚烧处理的比例与国家的发达程度并没有完全的对应关系,而是与国家或地区的土地资源的紧缺程度关系较大。土地资源的紧缺程度以人口密度表示,定量研究了发达国家垃圾处理方式与人口密度的关系,结合中国各省份(除特别行政区和台湾地区外)的人口密度、垃圾处理现状,对各地区的垃圾处理方式提出建议,应因地制宜地调整城市生活垃圾处理方式的应用比例,以利于更好地解决中国城市生活垃圾的处理难题。     

长江口大洋山近岸水域浮游植物群落及其与环境因子的关系

2012年对上海大洋山近岸水域浮游植物的群落结构和物种多样性的周年动态进行了逐月的研究。结果表明:浮游植物共有141种,隶属6门62属。以硅藻为主,共43属110种,占物种总种类的78.01%。该水域浮游植物的年平均细胞密度为(37.86±39.79)×104cell/L。中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)为第一和第二优势种,细长列海链藻(Thalassiosira leptopus)、肋缝菱形藻(Nitzschia frustulum)和梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)为该水域常见种。从水质参数和物种多样性指数综合评价:大洋山近岸水域水质总体属于轻中污染。冗余分析(RDA)表明对大洋山近岸水域浮游植物影响较大的是悬浮物浓度、盐度、水温和溶解氧。     

不同阳极微生物燃料电池产电性能的比较

微生物燃料电池在处理废水的同时可以产生电能,有希望同时解决废水再利用和能量再产生的问题。采用单室无膜空气阴极微生物燃料电池,处理模拟生活污水,探讨MFC处理模拟废水的效果。研究了以碳布(MFC1)、碳布负载碳纳米管(MFC2)、碳纳米管(MFC3)和泡沫镍(MFC4)作为4种不同的阳极材料,对MFC系统的启动、内阻和产电特性进行比较。结果表明,4种不同阳极MFC在水力停留时间24 h的条件下,对COD有很好的去除作用,其中MFC2的COD去除效率最大,为91.4%。在不影响MFC系统处理废水效果的前提下,实验得到4种阳极MFC系统中MFC2具有最小的内阻,为173.7Ω;并且其功率密度也大于其他3种MFC,达到401.2 mW/m2。     

生物氧化磁黄铁矿产生铁离子

从广东云浮矿山酸性废水中富集获得氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans),利用该氧化亚铁硫杆菌研究了反应时间、pH、温度、矿浆浓度和矿物粒度对磁黄铁矿生物氧化获得铁离子的影响。结果表明,在29℃,摇床转速200 r/min,10%接种量条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌可以明显促进磁黄铁矿的氧化,但反应后期有黄钾铁矾沉淀生成,不利于获得铁离子;控制溶液pH值为2.00,温度在29～36℃范围,可促进生物氧化磁黄铁矿获得铁离子;铁离子量随着矿浆浓度的增大和矿物粒度的减小而增加,优化的矿浆浓度和矿物粒径分别为6%和58μm左右。     

温度对活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺中红斑体虫爆发性繁殖影响

活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺在春夏之交常发生红斑顠体虫的爆发性繁殖,使系统性能恶化。用烧杯实验模拟活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺,保持填料投配率为30%,分别在不同温度下（20,25,30℃）运行实验装置,待运行稳定后,接种红斑顠体虫,创造条件以观察红斑顠体虫是否发生爆发性繁殖。实验结果发现,红斑顠体虫在25℃和30℃都不同程度产生了爆发性繁殖,最大种群密度分别达到383个/mL和200个/mL,同时,红斑顠体虫的爆发性繁殖不会对进出水的COD和氨氮去除产生影响;在温度25℃和30℃时,红斑顠体虫爆发性繁殖都导致了总氮的释放,红斑顠体虫种群密度分别大于等于66个/mL和50个/mL可分别作为红斑顠体虫在25℃和30℃发生爆发性繁殖的标志;实验也证明了红斑顠体虫的爆发性繁殖不会产生大量啃食生物膜的现象;用SPSS做多元线性回归分析,得出红斑顠体虫的最大种群密度与总氮的释放显著相关。     

Brassinosteroid alleviates phenanthrene and pyrene phytotoxicity by increasing detoxification activity and photosynthesis in tomato

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (BR) on growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of tomato seedlings grown under different levels (0, 10, 30, 100 and 300 μM) of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) in hydroponics. A concentration-dependent decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) has been observed following PHE and PYR exposure. By contrast, non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was increased. PHE was found to induce higher stress than PYR. However, foliar or root application of BR (50 nM and 5 nM, respectively) alleviated all those depressions with a sharp improvement in the activity of photosynthetic machinery. The activities of guaicol peroxidase (GPOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in a dose-dependent manner under PHE or PYR treatments. Compared with control the highest increments of GPOD, CAT, APX, GR and MDA by PHE/PYR alone treatments were observed following 300 μM concentration, which were 67%, 87%, 53%, 95% and 74% by PHE and 42%, 53%, 30%, 86% and 62% by PYR, respectively. In addition, both reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were induced by PHE or PYR. Interestingly, BR application in either form further increased enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants in tomato roots treated with PHE or PYR. Our results suggest that BR has an anti-stress effect on tomato seedlings contaminated with PHE or PYR and this effect is mainly attributed by increased detoxification activity.     

What determines selection and abandonment of a foraging patch by wild giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in winter?

Background, aim, and scope  Foraging patches can be described as a nested hierarchy of aggregated resources, implying that study of foraging by wild animals should be directed across different spatial scales. However, almost all previous research on habitat selection by the giant panda has concentrated upon one scale. In this research, we carried out a field study to understand foraging patch selection by giant pandas in winter at both microhabitat and feeding site scales and, for the first time, attempted to understand how long it would stay at the feeding sites before moving on. Materials and methods  The field survey was conducted from November 2002 to March 2003 at Fengtongzhai Nature Reserve (102°48′–103°00′ E, 30°19′–30°47′ N), Baoxing County of Sichuan Province, China, to collect data in both microhabitat and control plots. The microhabitat plots were located by fresh feces or foraging traces left by giant pandas, and the control plots were established to reflect the environment. Within each microhabitat plot, one 1 × 1 m² plot was centralized at the center of each feeding site, in which numbers of old bamboos and old shoots, including eaten and uneaten, were counted, respectively. Results  The results showed that winter microhabitats selected by this species were characteristic of gentle slopes and high old-shoot proportions and that the latter was even higher at feeding sites. Two selection processes, namely, from the environment to microhabitats and from the latter to feeding sites, were found during this species’ foraging patch utilization. Giant pandas preferred to eat old shoots to old bamboo at feeding sites in winter and did not leave unless old-shoot density fell to lower than the average in the environment. Discussion  Both microhabitats and feeding sites selected by giant pandas were characteristic of high old-shoot density, indicating that the preferred food item had a significant influence upon its foraging patch selection. The preference for gentle slopes by giant pandas was presumed to save energy in movement or reflect the need to sit and free its fore-limbs to grasp bamboo culms when feeding but also seemed to be correlated with an easier access to old shoots. The utilization of old shoots at feeding sites was assumed to help maximize energy or nutrient intake during their foraging. Conclusions  The difference between microhabitat plots and control plots and between microhabitats and feeding sites uncovered a continuous selection process from the environment via microhabitats to feeding sites. The utilization of old shoots at feeding sites was parallel to the marginal value theorem. The selection and abandonment of foraging patches by giant pandas was an optimal behavioral strategy adapted to their peculiar food with high cellulose and low protein. Recommendations and perspectives  Our results uncovered the importance of multiple scales in habitat selection research. To further understand the process of habitat selection, future research should pay more attention to resolve the question of how to locate foraging patches under dense bamboo forests by the giant panda, which was traditionally considered to have poor eyesight, although our research has answered what type of habitats the giant panda prefers and when to leave.     

Light-limited population dynamics of phytoplankton: modeling light and depth effects

Light has received very less attention as a selective factor, probably because the changing vertical light gradient makes light a rather complex factor when compared with the nutrient competition. In our study we modified an analytically tractable model based upon the Beer–Lambert law. The study aimed to predict the outcome of phytoplankton competition for light, on the basis of field measurements. When we considered competition theory, Fragilaria was found to be more competitive than other genera. The overall result shows that the trends flow in the following manner; Fragilaria > Gomphonema > Diatoma > Amphora > Achnanthes.     

Characterization of post-consumer polyolefin wastes by hyperspectral imaging for quality control in recycling processes

In this paper new analytical inspection strategies, based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the VIS–NIR and NIR wavelength ranges (400–1000 and 1000–1700 nm, respectively), have been investigated and set up in order to define quality control logics that could be applied at industrial plant level for polyolefins recycling. The research was developed inside the European FP7 Project W2Plastics “Magnetic Sorting and Ultrasound Sensor Technologies for Production of High Purity Secondary Polyolefins from Waste”. The main aim of the project is the separation of pure polyethylene and polypropylene adopting an innovative process, the magnetic density separation (MDS). Spectra of plastic particles and contaminants resulting from post-consumer complex wastes and of virgin polyolefins have been acquired by HSI and by Raman spectroscopy. The classification results obtained applying principal component analysis (PCA) on HSI data have been compared with those obtained by Raman spectroscopy, in order to validate the proposed innovative methodology. Results showed that HSI sensing techniques allow to identify both polyolefins and contaminants. Results also demonstrated that HSI has a great potentiality as a tool for quality control of feed (identification of contaminants in the plastic waste) and of the two different pure polypropylene and polyethylene flow streams resulting from the MDS-based recycling process.