水相和泥浆系统中地下水成分对高锰酸钾氧化TCE的影响

三氯乙烯（TCE）是污染土壤和地下水中检出率较高的氯代有机物。以TCE为研究对象，考察了地下水无机成分和腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化TCE的影响，研究了不同离子强度下的MnO，颗粒行为，并测定了泥浆系统中TCE的氧化效果，结果表明：当TCE初始浓度为20mg／L、高锰酸钾与TCE的摩尔比为2：1，离子浓度〈0．1mol／L时，TCE去除率可达98％以上，Na^＋、Cl^-、HCO3-对TCE的去除率影响甚微，但离子强度对MnO2的沉淀生成影响显著；0．1mol／L的K^＋对TCE的去除有一定程度的抑制；0．1mmol／L的Fe^2＋和腐殖酸对TCE的氧化有显著负面影响。泥浆系统实验进一步验证了有机质对高锰酸钾氧化TCE的影响很大。     

The predictive power of the elimination of dioxin-like pollutants from pigs: an in vivo study

Pigs accidentally given feed contaminated by dioxin-like pollutants are a serious public health issue. We have examined whether pigs with limited exposure during early periods of fattening would be categorized as non-compliant with the EU limit at slaughtering when growth-dilution, excretion and metabolism effects are considered. Sixteen female and sixteen castrated male weaned pigs were divided into four groups (e.g. DG0, DG1, DG2 and DG3) in week 2 after birth. From weeks 3 to 13, groups DG1, DG2, and DG3 pigs were fed with a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture at dosages of 1, 10 and 100 ng-toxic equivalent (TEQ) per kg dry mass feed in capsules, respectively. From weeks 13 to 23, the animals were nourished with clear feed. Control group DG0 was always fed with clear feed. Subcutaneous fat samples were collected at weeks 13, 18 and 23 by biopsies. The pollutant residues were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and quantified by a ¹³C-isotope dilution method. The results showed the following: (1) when slaughtered at week 23, the TEQ for DG1 pigs (0.66 ± 0.21 pg/g fat) was under the EU limit of 1 pg PCDD/F-TEQ/g fat; (2) PCDD/F congener-specific first-order elimination rates were linearly correlated with their toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs), and the rates were significantly dose-dependent for the more toxic congeners (TEF ≥ 0.1). Therefore, the pigs' exposure above the EU limit during the early fattening stage did not necessarily lead to their categorization as non-compliant pork; and the residual TEQ for pork can be predicted from early exposure concentrations based on the models established here.     

Seasonal exports of phosphorus from intensively fertilised nested grassland catchments

We carried out a one year (2002) study of phosphorus (P) loss from soil to water in three nested grassland catchments with known P input in chemical fertilizer and animal liquid slurry applications. Chemical fertilizer was applied to the grasslands between March and September and animal slurry was applied over the twelve months. The annual chemical P fertilizer applications for the 17 and 211 ha catchments were 16.4 and 23.7 kg P/ha respectively and the annual slurry applications were 10.7 and 14.0 kg P/ha, respectively. The annual total phosphorus (TP) export in stream-flow was 2.61, 2.48 and 1.61 kg P/ha for the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchments, respectively, compared with a maximum permissible (by regulation) annual export of ca. 0.35 kg P/ha. The export rate (ratio of P export to P in land applications) was 9.6% and 6.6% from the 17 and 211 ha catchments, respectively. On average, 70% of stream flow and 85% of the P export occurred during the five wet months (October to February) indicating that when precipitation is much greater than evaporation, the hydrological conditions are most favourable for P export. However the soil quality and land use history may vary the results. Particulate P made up 22%, 43% and 37% of the TP export at the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchment areas, respectively. As the chemical fertilizer was spread during the grass growth months (March to September), it has less immediate impact on stream water quality than the slurry applications. We also show that as the catchment scale increases, the P concentrations and P export decrease, confirming dilution due to increasing rural catchment size. In the longer term, the excess P from fertilizer maintains high soil P levels, an antecedent condition favourable to P loss from soil to water. This study confirms the significant negative water quality impact of excess P applications, particularly liquid animal slurry applications in wet winter months. The findings suggest that restricted P application in wet months can largely reduce the P losses from soil to water.     

放射性测量中样品灰化的实验条件研究

在动植物样品监测过程中,样品前处理过程费时,且处理的效果对测量结果具有明显的影响。本文以猪肝和玉米作为研究对象,采用正交实验设计对于重要实验参数进行优化。结果显示10%的NaOH对猪肝有较好的助灰化效果,12.8%的Mg（NO3）2对玉米有较好的助灰化效果。同时,在助灰化剂存在的条件下,猪肝的优化灰化条件为：灰化温度为600℃,灰化时间为2h;玉米的灰化温度为500℃,灰化时间为4h。研究得到的猪肝和玉米的灰化时间显著缩短,处理效果亦明显改善。     

猪粪生产有机复合肥的工艺设计

对南平市种猪场的污染现状进行了分析，提出用堆肥化的工艺路线对其猪粪进行处理，生产有机复合肥，在实际应用中取得良好效果。该技术具有操作简便、能耗低，实用性强等特点。     

含铁废料综合利用及污染防治措施

钢铁行业含铁泥浆的治理一直是个难题，文中就此给出了应用范例，即利用泥浆生产酸性炉料，用于高炉炼铁。并且对可能产生的污染进行了预测，提出了防治措施。     

电石泥、电石渣浆液联合脱硫工艺

为了提高锅炉的脱硫效率,重点阐述了利用PVC工序的废渣和废浆液进行锅炉脱硫的全新的工艺。这种联合脱硫收到了意想不到的效果,实为这一领域的最新尝试。     

水煤浆燃料环境影响的生命周期评价

文章对柴油机替代燃料生命周期环境影响的评价,建立了油水煤浆燃料的评价模型,通过计算分析结果表明,随着油水煤浆中煤炭含量的增加,除光化臭氧形成潜能降低以外,其它污染指标值都有增加,说明油水煤浆系统比柴油系统消耗能量要多,对全球环境有一定影响,但在局部条件下与燃油相比,燃用油水煤浆可以减少NOX等主要污染物的排放量。     

旋转薄膜式光催化反应器降解水中有机污染物

提出了一种强化薄膜浆态反应器的新型反应器——旋转薄膜式光催化反应器(RFFS)。以苯酚为模拟有机污染物,以商品的Degussa P25为光催化剂,首先研究了RFFS反应器的性能,然后与常规的鼓泡式光催化反应器进行了光催化性能比较。实验结果表明,RFFS反应器形成的旋转浆态薄膜扩大了与空气和光源的接触面积,强化了光催化体系的传质,提高了体系中催化剂对光能的利用率,并且能够在较高光催化剂浓度的条件下运行。在苯酚初始浓度为30mg/L,催化剂投加量为3.0g/L,通气气速1.0L/min,浆料循环流量为3.3L/min,光距为10cm的条件下,与传统反应器相比,苯酚的催化反应速率提高了1.6倍。     

煤泥水絮凝沉降性能影响因素试验研究

以上清液浊度和沉降面高度作为表征煤泥水沉降性能指标,利用正交试验设计软件--Design Expert software设计研究了粘土类型、pH值、絮凝剂用量、水质硬度和煤变质程度五个因素对煤泥水静态澄清效果的影响.结果表明:粘土类型是影响絮凝效果最显著的影响因素,在相同条件下,含高岭石的煤泥水比含蒙脱石的煤泥水上清液浊度大,而沉降面高度小.pH值越大,上清液浊度越小,但沉降面高度越高;絮凝剂用量对两个指标影响都不显著,其值越大,上清液浊度越小,沉降面高度越大;提高水质硬度有利于降低上清液浊度和沉降面高度,但影响不显著;煤变质程度对两种指标都没有影响.