以淮安市为例研究中小城市噪声污染现状及趋势

收集2006-2010年淮安市各功能区环境噪声、交通噪声和区域环境噪声监测数据,分析中小城市环境噪声的污染状况,结果表明中小城市的噪声环境质量都有不同程度的好转,与大城市环境噪声比较,各类噪声都明显低于大城市的噪声污染,但随着城市和交通的改造与发展,第4类城市功能区夜间环境噪声有增加趋势。     

用H-Kappa方法反演龙门山断裂带及其邻区的莫霍面深度及波速比分布

利用龙门山断裂带及其邻近地区地震台站的远震波形记录,采用时间域迭代反褶积技术求取接收函数,并用多次反射波能量扫描求极大值和波形叠加反演的方法(H-Kappa方法)计算出台站下方的莫霍面深度和波速比。结果显示:莫霍面位于扬子地台西缘部分向西侧倾斜缓降,深度在40～48 km变化,地壳平均波速比值为1.81;都江堰、汶川、耿达一带处在龙门山推覆体范围之内的莫霍面起伏变化不大,深度在45 km左右,地壳平均波速比值为1.707 5;龙门山断裂带西侧的松潘—甘孜地块的平均地壳波速比为1.76,莫霍面深度南面部分比北面深约10 km,呈南深北浅状。     

新疆部分城市可吸入颗粒物的浓度及粒径分布

采用TH-β10大气颗粒物浓度监测仪,从2011年4-5月在乌鲁木齐、奎屯、阿克苏、库尔勒、喀什、和田市环境监测站采集大气可吸入颗粒物PM2.5、PM5和PM10样品,分析了不同采样点大气颗粒物的质量浓度变化范围及与TSP的相应比值。结果表明,不论是PM2.5、PM5还是PM10,阿克苏市可吸入颗粒物的质量浓度变化幅度较大,其次是库尔勒市,其余采样点在采样期间的浓度变化幅度不大,并且库尔勒、喀什、奎屯、阿克苏四个城市PM5/TSP和PM2.5/TSP的比例大,除喀什、阿克苏的PM10/TSP的比例接近于1之外,其余可吸入颗粒物的浓度均小于TSP;采用显微镜观测成像技术结合血球计数板方法,利用粒径分布函数分析对六个城市的PM10和5个城市的PM2.5颗粒物在不同粒径的分布进行了分析。结果表明,对于PM10而言,阿克苏在dp<0.5的粒径范围内分布函数高达79%、喀什在dp=0.5~0.6μm之间为44%、和田则在dp=1.2~2.2μm出现20%的最大粒径分布函数。就PM2.5而言,库尔勒在dp<0.5、dp=0.5~0.6、0.6~1.2μm区间内的分布函数均为最大值,其值分为79%、50%、50%,可以说明在采样期间,库尔勒市区的颗粒物在粒径小于1.2μm出现的几率更大些,即颗粒物以积聚模态为主。     

Population dynamics and regulation in the cave salamander <Emphasis Type="Italic">Speleomantes strinatii</Emphasis>

Time series analysis has been used to evaluate the mechanisms regulating population dynamics of mammals and insects, but has been rarely applied to amphibian populations. In this study, the influence of endogenous (density-dependent) and exogenous (density-independent) factors regulating population dynamics of the terrestrial plethodontid salamander Speleomantes strinatii was analysed by means of time series and multiple regression analyses. During the period 1993–2005, S. strinatii population abundance, estimated by a standardised temporary removal method, displayed relatively low fluctuations, and the autocorrelation function (ACF) analysis showed that the time series had a noncyclic structure. The partial rate correlation function (PRCF) indicated that a strong first-order negative feedback dominated the endogenous dynamics. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the only climatic factor influencing population growth rate was the minimum winter temperature. Thus, at least during the study period, endogenous, density-dependent negative feedback was the main factor affecting the growth rate of the salamander population, whereas stochastic environmental variables, such as temperature and rainfall, seemed to play a minor role in regulation. These results stress the importance of considering both exogenous and endogenous factors when analysing amphibian long-term population dynamics.     

Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.     

城镇污水处理排放标准改革的费效分析

从费用效果角度对提高城镇污水处理排放标准的科学性和可实施性进行探讨,利用污染源普查数据,通过城镇污水治理投资和运行函数的构建,计算不同处理规模和排放标准下的污水处理投资和运行费用,在全国层面上计算提高污水处理排放标准所需费用和污染物的减排效果.研究表明：污水处理厂的投资和运行费用的增加随着污水处理规模的增加而递减.以污...     

Ru-Ta/Ti阳极电解深度处理垃圾渗滤液

采用Ru-Ta/Ti三元电极为阳极,以不锈钢电极为阴极对垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水进行了电解处理研究,以COD为控制指标.重点研究了电解电压、电解时间、pH值、曝气量、电解质的添加等因素对电解处理效果的影响.研究结果表明:电压为7 V、处理时间为30 min、pH=9、曝气量为0.04m3/h、添加电解质为MnⅡ的条件下电...     

规划环境影响评价中公众参与探讨研究

公众参与作为规划环境影响评价的重要组成部分,具有重要的作用和意义。公众参与可以提高规划环境影响评价的有效性、提高规划的合理性及环保性。结合规划环评的应用实例,归纳了规划环评公众参与的参与对象、参与形式等,指出目前规划环评公众参与在应用中存在公众参与对象局限、规定和程序不明确、公民环保意识差等问题,建议采用多种形式开展公众参与环评,同时建议相关部门制定法律条文等进一步明确公众参与环评的规定和程序,提高信息公开度和民众的环保意识。     

城市表层土壤重金属污染分析研究

根据某城市土壤表层中的8种重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Ni、Zn的浓度数据,利用地统计学原理方法,研究了不同功能区土壤重金属的污染特征。结果表明Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn在工业区和主干道路区浓度超标,并且这几种元素的富集系数偏高,说明污染来源主要是工业生产、汽车尾气排放及汽车轮胎磨损等。此研究对城市土壤重金属污染治理及修复、重金属污染重点行业污染控制等提供参考。     

2013-2015年上海市霾污染事件潜在源区贡献分析

统计分析2013-2015年上海市每个月不同空气质量等级天数比重,根据HYSPLIT（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory）后向轨迹模型对3年内的12月份影响上海地区的污染气团进行了综合聚类分析和逐年聚类分析.在综合12次严重霾事件的后向轨迹基础上,结合上海实时公布的PM_2.5小时浓度资料,对潜在源贡献因子PSCF（Potential Source Contribution Function）和浓度权重轨迹CWT（Concentration-weighted Trajectory）进行分析与比较,研究重霾期间影响上海PM_2.5质量浓度的潜在源区及不同源区对PM_2.5质量浓度的贡献差异.结果显示,上海市3年期间12月份霾颗粒物外来源主要输送渠道为西北路径和北方路径,源自于西北方向的气团比重占总气团的50.4%,北方向的气团几乎都经过海洋后进入上海地区.影响上海地区PM_2.5质量浓度的潜在源区主要分布在安徽、江苏和山东地区,此外江西北部、浙江北部、河北南部及山西少部分地区也对重霾事件中的污染物颗粒有一定程度的贡献.