国标法测定无色透明清洁水中硫化物错误的原因

硫化物在进行显色反应时,溶液中酸度的增高生成亚甲兰的产率也随之增加。国标法规定分析无色透明清洁水样时,不加20ml乙酸锌-乙酸钠溶液,这样分析的结果不正确。正确的方法应与绘制标准曲线的操作步骤完全一样,需加20ml乙酸锌-乙酸钠溶液。     

氮氧化物减排博弈行为研究

针对我国氮氧化物减排的严峻形势,文章借鉴瑞典氮氧化物减排的税收返还制度,运用进化博弈的理论和方法,建立了政府与企业关于氮氧化物减排的进化博弈模型,并进行了求解分析。结果表明:策略(减排,税收返还制度)和策略(减排,标准减排制度)都可以是稳定均衡策略,即无论政府采取税收返还制度还是标准减排制度,只要对惩罚系数、税率等参数进行调整都能迫使企业进行氮氧化物减排。但通过模拟可知税收返还制度对企业的激励作用更大,可以促使企业长期持续的进行氮氧化物减排。     

国家湿地公园时空格局特征

采用标准差椭圆、点模式分析、统计分析等方法,运用ArcGIS可视化技术,从时间和空间视角分析国家湿地公园的空间格局特征,并探究其与城市的区位关系。研究表明：（1）国家湿地公园在时间序列上分为试点起步阶段、发展与成长阶段和规范发展阶段,各地发展不均衡,“质”的发展不同步于“量”,正式国家湿地公园处于规范发展的起步时期;（2）多尺度空间研究表明正式国家湿地公园空间以聚集分布形态为主,随机分布为辅,整体呈东北—西南分布格局,形成2个高密度热点区和3个中密度次热点区;（3）从城市尺度看,正式国家湿地公园呈现较大空间异质性,具有偏向城市规划区内或靠近城市规划区分布的特征;（4）正式国家湿地公园呈现为人口格局主导特征,响应了胡焕庸线的指导意义。     

CFD-based simulation of dense gas dispersion in presence of obstacles

Quantification of spatial and temporal concentration profiles of vapor clouds resulting from accidental loss of containment of toxic and/or flammable substances is of great importance as correct prediction of spatial and temporal profiles can not only help in designing mitigation/prevention equipment such as gas detection alarms and shutdown procedures but also help decide on modifications that may help prevent any escalation of the event.The most commonly used models - SLAB (Ermak, 1990), HEGADAS (Colenbrander, 1980), DEGADIS (Spicer & Havens, 1989), HGSYSTEM (Witlox & McFarlane, 1994), PHAST (DNV, 2007), ALOHA (EPA & NOAA, 2007), SCIPUFF (Sykes, Parker, Henn, & Chowdhury, 2007), TRACE (SAFER Systems, 2009), etc. - for simulation of dense gas dispersion consider the dispersion over a flat featureless plain and are unable to consider the effect of presence of obstacles in the path of dispersing medium. In this context, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been recognized as a potent tool for realistic estimation of consequence of accidental loss of containment because of its ability to take into account the effect of complex terrain and obstacles present in the path of dispersing fluid.The key to a successful application of CFD in dispersion simulation lies in the accuracy with which the effect of turbulence generated due to the presence of obstacles is assessed. Hence a correct choice of the most appropriate turbulence model is crucial to a successful implementation of CFD in the modeling and simulation of dispersion of toxic and/or flammable substances.In this paper an attempt has been made to employ CFD in the assessment of heavy gas dispersion in presence of obstacles. For this purpose several turbulence models were studied for simulating the experiments conducted earlier by Health and Safety Executive, (HSE) U.K. at Thorney Island, USA (Lees, 2005). From the various experiments done at that time, the findings of Trial 26 have been used by us to see which turbulence model enables the best fit of the CFD simulation with the actual findings. It is found that the realizable k-? model was the most apt and enabled the closest prediction of the actual findings in terms of spatial and temporal concentration profiles. It was also able to capture the phenomenon of gravity slumping associated with dense gas dispersion.     

Octyl and nonylphenol ethoxylates and carboxylates in wastewater and sediments by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

This work presents an LC–MS–MS-based method for the quantitation of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) and octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEOs) in water, sediment, and suspended particulate matter, and three of their carboxylated derivatives in water. The alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) were analyzed using isotope dilution mass spectrometry with [¹³C₆]-labeled analogues, whereas the carboxylated derivatives were determined by external standard quantitation followed by confirmation using standard additions. The method was used to study APEO’s behavior in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), where total dissolved NP0-16EO concentration was reduced by approximately 99% from influent (390 μg l⁻¹) to final effluent (4 μg l⁻¹), and total OP0-5EO concentration decreased by 94% from 3.1 to 0.2 μg l⁻¹. In contrast, the carboxylated derivatives were formed during the process with NP0-1EC concentrations increasing from 1.4 to 24 μg l⁻¹. Short-chain APEOs were present in higher proportions in particulate matter, presumably due to greater affinity for solids compared to the long-chain homologues. NP (0.49 μg l⁻¹) and NP0-1EC (4.8 μg l⁻¹) were the only APEO-related compounds detected in a surface water sample from a WWTP-impacted estuary; implying that 90% of the mass was in the form of carboxylated derivatives. Sediment analysis showed nonylphenol to be the single most abundant compound in sediments from the Baltimore Harbor area, where differences in homologue distribution suggested the presence of treated effluent in some of the sites and non-treated sources in the rest.     

水上个体救生具性能要求的比较研究

针对ISO ,IMO ,BS ,MIL ,JIS ,我国GB及JT等具有代表性的技术标准和规范 ,分析和研究了水上个体救生具的整体救生性能、主体材料性能和属具性能要求 ,在进行比较研究的基础上 ,结合国情 ,对于我国水上个体救生具性能改进和技术标准完善 ,提出了建议并指出了发展方向     

噪声监测的常见问题探讨与思考

针对目前在噪声监测过程中存在的一些常见问题,结合实际工作经验,提出了解决这些问题的方法和建议。     

海洋沉积物基质多环芳烃标准参考物质的原料样品制备研究

海洋沉积物基质多环芳烃(PAHs)标准参考物质是海洋环境沉积物监测分析中质量控制和质量保证的重要保障。由于缺少对相关原料样筛选研究,目前我国尚未有自主制备的海洋沉积物基质PAHs标准参考物质。通过海洋沉积物原始数据调研、定点筛查、实验室间验证等手段,对江苏近岸海域海洋沉积物原料样进行筛选研究。结果表明,连云港赣榆某入海口点位的海洋沉积物样品∑PAHs的质量分数为413μg/kg,该样品各粒径中的PAHs质量分数分布均匀,精密度能够满足我国海洋沉积物环境监测质量控制需求,可以为进一步制备海洋沉积物PAHs标准参考物质提供技术支持。     

氮气中1,3-丁二烯气体标准样品的研制

采用重量法对氮气中1,3 -丁二烯气体标准样品的制备方法进行了研究.依据国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的“6142气体分析-校准气体混合物的制备-重量法”的标准方法,对标准气体在重量法制备过程中的定值分析、不确定度来源、不确定度估算以及不确定度合成进行了阐述.制备的1,3 -丁二烯气体标准样品量值与同类标准样品量值具有可比性,能够满足环境有机污染物监测工作的需要.     

水质基准方法学中若干关键技术探讨

我国正在开展系统的水质基准研究,对发达国家的水质基准理论和技术处于学习和研究阶段. 物种敏感度分布分析、“最少毒性数据需求”以及基准的修正是水质基准推算中的若干关键技术. 以氨氮水生生物基准为例,对这些关键技术进行了研究与探讨,提出在我国本土生物毒性数据缺乏的情况下可在种的水平上对水质基准进行推算. 另外,可先利用全部生物的毒性数据进行物种敏感度分析,确定需重点获取的敏感生物类群的毒性数据,再用于基准推算,有望降低推算过程中对毒性数据量的需求. 最后,基于中美生物物种分布的差异,借鉴美国修订国家水质基准的水效应比法,提出利用生物效应比法对美国国家水质基准进行修订以获取我国水质基准.