污染-经济时间弹性概念、方法与应用

环境污染随着经济发展的进程不断变化.为更加全面、准确地描述环境污染与经济发展的关系,本文将"弹性"分析方法应用于描述环境污染指标与经济发展指标之间的关系,提出"污染-经济时间弹性"概念,即一个国家或地区环境污染指标的年际变化率与相应的该国家或地区经济指标年际变化率的比值.文章进而分析了PETE的环境经济学含义及其计算方法.指标PETE能够用来描述一个国家或地区经济发展的清洁程度, 通常情况下, 较低的PETE值意味着较为清洁的增长方式, 而较高的PETE值则多与粗放和非清洁的增长方式相联系; 利用PETE还可以对空间(国家,地区)上和行业间的经济增长方式进行比较.文章最后通过1999-2008年中国环境污染指标(全社会主要污染物SO2、COD和烟尘排放量)数据和相应时间段的经济发展指标(GDP)数据, 计算中国全社会主要污染物排放与经济发展的"污染-经济时间弹性(PETE)", 发现该指标确能反映"经济发展的环境效率"的动态变化, 即为着获得一定的经济发展速度所付出环境代价之动态变化情状,验证了PETE概念和方法的科学性和实用性.PETE概念和方法的提出,为环境-经济分析提供了新的分析指标和工具.     

Batch and continuous biosorption of Cu by immobilized biomass of Arthrobacter sp.

The ability of free and polysulphone immobilized biomass of Arthrobacter sp. to remove Cu²⁺ ions from aqueous solution was studied in batch and continuous systems. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to the data. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to fit the sorption data indicating that sorption was monolayer and uptake capacity (Q^o) was 175.87 and 158.7 mg/g for free and immobilized biomass respectively at pH 5.0 and 30 °C temperature, which was also confirmed by a high correlation coefficient, a low RMSE and a low Chi-square value. A kinetic study was carried out with pseudo-first-order reaction and pseudo-second-order reaction equations and it was found that the Cu²⁺ uptake process followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The diffusivity of Cu²⁺ on immobilized beads increased (0.402 × 10⁻⁴ to 0.435 × 10⁻⁴ cm²/s) with increasing concentration from 50 to 150 mg/L. The maximum percentage Cu²⁺ removal (89.56%) and uptake (32.64 mg/g) were found at 3.5 mL/min and 20 cm bed height. In addition to this the Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model was in good agreement with the experimental data with a high correlation coefficient (>0.995). Furthermore, sorption and desorption studies were also carried out which showed that polysulphone immobilized biomass could be reused for up to six sorption–desorption cycles.     

Decabromodiphenylether and hexabromocyclododecane in wild birds from the United Kingdom, Sweden and The Netherlands: Screening and time trends

The brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenylether (DBDE) was analysed in wild birds to identify the most suitable species for monitoring time trends in DBDE contamination. This information was later used for the design of a 10-year trend study on DBDE in the European Union. DBDE was measured in muscle tissue, liver, and eggs from 10 terrestrial and four aquatic bird species. DBDE was detected in 47% of the terrestrial bird samples (nine species) and in 9% of the aquatic bird samples (six species). Peregrine falcon and sparrowhawk specimens were selected as most suitable species to determine temporal trends of DBDE. For sparrowhawks, no significant change in DBDE concentrations between 1973 and 2001 was found, although in later years more DBDE concentrations were above the detection limit. Peak DBDE levels measured in peregrines in 1995, were followed by a decline in concentrations until 2001. The same species were used for a trend study on hexabromocylcododecane (HBCD). Twenty-four percent of peregrine falcon eggs and 12% of sparrowhawk muscle samples demonstrated measurable HBCD residues. Three diastereomers of HBCD were analysed and the α-diastereomer was the predominant one in most samples. No clear time trends were observed for HBCD in either species. This study demonstrated that these DBDE and HBCD are bioavailable to birds of Northern Europe, although bioaccumulation seems to occur to a limited extent.     

典型区域土壤中多环芳烃的污染分布特征

以河南省3类典型工业区域为例,分析研究其土壤中多环芳烃类化合物的种类组成及含量分布特征,结果表明：3类典型工业区域周边土壤中均检出14种PAHs,其中萘、芘、艹屈 、苯并[a]蒽具有较高的检出水平;大型化工企业周边土壤中PAHs的检出率高于油田和工业园区;检出的14种PAHs的总质量比均值,大型化工企业明显高于油田和工业园区;3类典型工业区域土壤中PAHs测定值明显高于背景值,表明土壤已受到PAHs的影响;来源分析表明,PAHs的污染主要源自石油和燃料的燃烧.     

基于Matlab小波分析的南京北郊大气O3浓度变化特征研究

以2008年南京北郊大气中O₃ 质量浓度观测资料和常规观测资料为基础,利用Matlab小波分析工具,对O₃浓度的年时间序列进行分析,得出该地区的O₃ 日均浓度的变化特征：春、夏季节O3浓度大于秋、冬季节,最高浓度出现在春末夏初,最低浓度出现在冬季;并且全年共有5个突变点;弱高压的天气系统、较高的温度、较低的湿度和晴朗少云的天气是造成南京北郊O₃浓度突变的主要气象因素。结合HYSPLIT气流后向轨迹模拟,对污染源来源进行追踪,结果表明：南京北郊O₃高浓度污染来源主要分为本地局地污染和外来污染物输送两类;垂直方向上,O₃的区域尺度或中尺度的输送主要稳定在混合层的底层。     

地下水采样方法比对研究

选取3种地下水采样方法开展方法比对研究。通过系统分析监测数据,指出了3种方法所采水样在基本水质参数、无机离子、金属、挥发性有机物以及感官类指标等项目监测上的显著差异,指出了各种方法的适用性并分析原因。结果表明:与贝勒管法、潜水泵法相比,低流速法有效地解决了采样操作过程中易产生的曝气问题;对井内水体扰动较小,降低了水样浊度;减小了井内水位的大幅度泄降,避免了不同层位间污染物的迁移及周边水和井内滞水的交叉污染;节约了场地操作时间和后期污水处理所需花费。因此,低流速法在采取代表性水质样品方面更具方法优势。     

公共建筑内群体疏散方法的探讨

笔者将当前公共建筑内的群体疏散的研究成果归纳为两大类:一是比较成熟的4种代表性成果,如元胞自动机模型、格子气模型、社会力模型和流体动力学模型;二是近年来具有革新意义的3种创新性研究视角,即从agent模拟技术角度、从生物实验角度和从博弈论角度.分析成果各自的独特性和适用性,提出未来研究趋势:必将是基于多种模型组合基础上的、多种思想融入的、充分考虑反映人群行为与心理的因素的复杂性系统.同时指出博弈论在群体疏散的研究将是未来的一个亮点.     

Self-feedback LSTM regression model for real-time particle source apportionment

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Seasonal variation of municipal solid waste generation and composition in four East European cities

The quality of recyclable and residual municipal solid waste (MSW) is, among other factors, strongly influenced by the seasonal variation in MSW composition. However, a relatively marginal amount of published data on seasonal MSW composition especially in East European countries do not provide sufficient information on this phenomenon. This study provides results from municipal waste composition research campaigns conducted during the period of 2009–2011 in four cities of Eastern European countries (Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine and Georgia). The median monthly MSW generation values ranged from 18.70 in Kutaisi (Georgia) to 38.31 kg capita⁻¹ month⁻¹ in Kaunas (Lithuania). The quantitative estimation of seasonal variation was performed by fitting the collected data to time series forecasting models, such as non-parametric seasonal exponential smoothing, Winters additive, and Winters multiplicative methods.