太湖地区农田氮素非点源污染及环境经济分析

通过计算1987～1988年和1995～1996年两个年段中氮素对太湖水体使用功能的污染损失率以及农田氮素对人太湖总氮的贡献率,求得农田氮素造成太湖的经济损失值。采用边际分析方法,分析农田氮素在1987～1996年间的边际外部成本。用环境经济学的观点重新认识农业生产函数中氮肥成本的内涵,即把外部成本考虑在内,在此基础上求得该地区农业持续发展的农田合理施氮水平——生态经济施氮量为327.82～371.61kg/(hm~2·a)。     

发电厂的环境成本分析

发电厂一直以来是环境的主要污染源之一，从能源的可持续发展的角度出发，发电厂的环境成本内部化，即纳入发电成本，一方面促进发电企业努力改进技术减排污染物，降低环境成本。另一方面促进清洁能源的发展，鼓励绿色电力的发展。本文应用环境经济学理论，分别分析了几种类型发电厂的环境成本，指出我国未来的电源结构发展将趋向于环保型结构。     

炼油厂碱渣处理工艺的技术分析

针对洛阳分公司炼油碱渣处理装置存在的问题，从实验室和生产实践中总结找出一套合理的工艺参数，运行后，操作平稳，解决了炼油碱渣的出路问题。     

清洁生产的无费和低费方案评述

无／低费方案着重于企业内部生产管理和小的工艺改进，具有投资少、见效快和易操作的特性。从目前的情况来说，清洁生产方案中大约有60％以上为无／低费方案，而其实施比例均在80％以上，由此可见，无／低费方案的重要性。通过3则实例证明了无／低费方案良好的环境效益和经济效益。     

微波消毒技术在医疗废物集中处理工程中的应用

通过对微波消毒机理的研究,根据其节能、快速、污染小、消毒效果彻底等特点,提出了微波消毒技术适用于医疗废物集中处置工程,并且列举国际应用实例为证。通过对医疗废物微波处理技术标准、微波消毒适用范围、系统组成、安全与防护等方面对我国已颁布的《医疗废物微波消毒集中处理工程技术规范》(试行)(HJ/T229-2006)主要内容作了客观阐述,提出在我国目前《全国危险废物和医疗废物处置设施建设规划》实施的情况下,医疗废物微波消毒处理法将与其它几种非焚烧处置法,共同作为医疗废物焚烧法的合理补充技术在中国应用,将有效地推进中国医疗废物处理进程。     

边际社会成本理论在环评中应用的实例分析

论述了边际社会成本理论与环境经济评价的步骤和方法，以武夷山东旅高尔夫球场建设项目为例，估算了该项目的边际环境成本，较真实的评价了建设项目的经济、环境的可行性，并指出环境影响经济评价是我国环评制度发展的方向。     

硫磺尾气处理装置腐蚀与防护技术

阐述炼油厂硫磺尾气处理装置中常见的的腐蚀问题，介绍防腐蚀技术的进展和应用情况，对装置的防腐蚀提出参考性意见。采用正确的防腐结构设计和先进的工艺防腐控制、严格的工艺生产操作及合理的材料选择，可控制和减轻装置腐蚀，确保环保和安全双达标。     

光合细菌法处理酒糟废水的试验研究

酒糟废水是一种高浓度的有机废水,采用了光合细菌法模型试验进行研究。工艺流程分为3个阶段:可溶化前处理段、光合细菌主处理段、活性污泥后处理段。结果表明,氧气的存在在某种程度上抑制了可溶化菌的产酸速度,得出可溶化最佳时间为2d。经处理出水COD_(Cr)平均为102.5mg/L,接近排放标准。对光合细菌段中光合细菌数量检测表明,细菌数量可达4.5×10~7个/ml,充分显示了光合细菌的生长优势。该处理方法具有运行动力消耗少,降解效率高,且便于资源化等优点。     

Optimizing two- and three-stage designs for spatial inventories of natural resources by simulated annealing

This paper reviews design-based estimators for two- and three-stage sampling designs to estimate the mean of finite populations. This theory is then extended to spatial populations with continuous, infinite populations of sampling units at the latter stages. We then assume that the spatial pattern is the result of a spatial stochastic process, so the sampling variance of the estimators can be predicted from the variogram. A realistic cost function is then developed, based on several factors including laboratory analysis, time of fieldwork, and numbers of samples. Simulated annealing is used to find designs with minimum sampling variance for a fixed budget. The theory is illustrated with a real-world problem dealing with the volume of contaminated bed sediments in a network of watercourses. Primary sampling units are watercourses, secondary units are transects perpendicular to the axis of the watercourse, and tertiary units are points. Optimal designs had one point per transect, from one to three transects per watercourse, and the number of watercourses varied depending on the budget. However, if laboratory costs are reduced by grouping all samples within a watercourse into one composite sample, it appeared to be efficient to sample more transects within a watercourse.     

Performance Evaluation of Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants for Rural Water Supply in a Developing Country – A Case Study

Performance evaluation of two reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants (DSP) at villages: Melasirupodhu (30 m³ day^-1) and Sikkal (50 m³ day^-1) in Ramanathpuram district,Tamil Nadu (India) were studied so as to bring out the state-of-art of their operation and maintenance (O&M). Detailedinformation on plant design and engineering, water quality,plant personnel, and cost of O&M was collected for a period ofthree years after commissioning of the two plants. Feed waterwas brackish, the TDS varied in the range of 6500–8500 mg L^-1 at Melasirupodhu and 5300–7100 mg L^-1 atSikkal villages. The product water quality was observed to begradually deteriorating as the salt rejection by the membranesdecreased with time. The salt rejection was 97–99% atthe time of commissioning of the plants, and came down to89–90% at the end of 3 years of operation. Product water TDS soonafter installation of the plants was excellent and within desirable limits of BIS. After three years of operation, few parameters exceeded the desirable limits, however, they were found to be within permissible limits of BIS. The analyses of thedata showed that both plants were operated only at 30–36% of the design capacity. Plant shut-down due to inadequate and erratic power supply, and plant break-down and inherent delay in repairs due to lack of adequate infrastructure were found tobe the major causes for the low utilization of the plants. Consequently the recurring cost of product water production enhanced to Rs. 25.0/m³ at Melasirupodhu and Rs. 17.5 m^-3 at Sikkal, as against the estimated cost of Rs. 15.0/m³ and Rs. 11.0/m³, respectively, as per the design. Over the years, the energy consumption for the product water output increased reflecting higher operational pressures needed with the aging of the membranes.