帕米尔高原冰川流域碎屑颗粒的铀同位素组成及其对沉积物搬运的指示

铀(U)同位素作为一种新的地球化学示踪手段,被逐渐用于研究陆地和海洋沉积物的搬运过程。然而,这一新技术能否有效指示不同环境中各类沉积物的搬运还需更多流域数据的支持。本文选取位于帕米尔高原东北部具有显著海拔梯度和气候差异的盖孜河冰川流域作为研究对象,通过该流域河流沉积物细颗粒中的U同位素的活度比((~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR))的空间变化,探索U同位素指示内陆冰川流域沉积物搬运的可行性。流域内河流沉积物的矿物组成以石英和长石(占51%—77%)为主,表明较弱的风化作用。流域内受冰川侵蚀控制的上游山区支流康西瓦河和木吉河沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)范围分别是0.990—1.017和0.988—1.009,盖孜河中下游段河流沉积物的(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)则为0.913—0.997。从上游山区至中下游段显示了一个明显的下降趋势,指示了沉积物搬运过程中(~(234)U/~(238)U)_(AR)的确发生了系统的变化。然而,盖孜河流域碎屑颗粒比表面积和分形维数计算得到的反冲损失参数太低,未能利用U同位素破碎年龄模型获得合理的沉积物搬运时间,该模型如何用到冰川流域尚需更多的研究工作。     

美国州际生态治理对我国跨区域生态治理的启示

美国州际生态治理体系由政府治理、府际合作治理以及特殊组织治理所构成。政府治理涵盖环境管制、生态立法与司法裁决,府际合作治理包含州际协议与央地合作,特殊组织为依照公司化运作的田纳西领域管理局。中、美两国在生态治理领域有一定的相似性,我国跨区域生态治理在立足国情的基础上,可借鉴美国的治理经验,以实现跨区域生态问题的"善治"。     

Selective binding of uranyl cation by a novel calmodulin peptide

A 33-amino acid peptide corresponding to the helix-loop-helix motif of the calcium binding site I of the protein calmodulin from Paramecium Tetraurelia has been synthesized its binding properties with heavy metal ions have been studied. Herein, we demonstrate that two mutations of two aspartic acid residues in the peptide sequence gave access to a new peptide, which was selective for the uranyl ion UO₂ ²⁺. This new peptide can be useful for the development of selective uranyl biosensors to monitor the presence of uranium in contaminated environments.     

“U+L”型通风综采工作面采空区漏风特性研究

为了掌握“U+L”型通风综采工作面采空区的漏风规律,以某矿综采工作面为试验地点,先采用Fluent软件对综采工作面采空区的漏风流场进行了数值模拟,后结合数值模拟结果制定了综采工作面示踪气体SF6的测漏风技术方案,并现场实测了“U+L”型综采工作面采空区的漏风风流分布特征.数值模拟结果与现场实测结果十分吻合.结果表明:1)“U+L”型综采工作面全程向采空区漏风,漏风汇至滞后联络巷后经专用排瓦斯巷排出;2)“U+L”型综采工作面漏风量随联络巷距离工作面距离增大而逐渐降低;3)“U+L”型综采工作面漏风量沿工作面倾向方向(从进风至回风)呈逐渐减少趋势.     

不溶性腐殖酸对U(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学和吸附热力学

以不溶性腐殖酸(Insolubilized Humic Acid,IHA)为吸附剂,去除废水中的U(Ⅵ).通过静态吸附试验,考察了pH值、时间、U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度和温度等对吸附的影响,分析了吸附过程的动力学、热力学及等温吸附规律,并用红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了吸附机理.结果表明:35℃下1.4 g/L的IHA在pH值为5时对10 mg/LU(Ⅵ)的去除率可达99.37％;IHA对U(Ⅵ)的吸附是自发的、放热的反应,符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,决定系数达0.99以上;吸附动力学过程符合准二级吸附速率方程,决定系数为1;IHA吸附U(Ⅵ)后表面形态发生了变化,与U(Ⅵ)相互作用的基团主要是羧基和酚羟基,综合看来,IHA吸附U(Ⅵ)的机理表现为离子交换.     

Assessing the impact of the U.S. Endangered Species Act recovery planning guidelines on managing threats for listed species

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) of the United States was enacted in 1973 to prevent the extinction of species. Recovery plans, required by 1988 amendments to the ESA, play an important role in organizing these efforts to protect and recover species. To improve the use of science in the recovery planning process, the Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) commissioned an independent review of endangered species recovery planning in 1999. From these findings, the SCB made key recommendations for how management agencies could improve the recovery planning process, after which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service redrafted their recovery planning guidelines. One important recommendation called for recovery plans to make threats a primary focus, including organizing and prioritizing recovery tasks for threat abatement. We sought to determine the extent to which results from the SCB study were incorporated into these new guidelines and whether the SCB recommendations regarding threats manifested in recovery plans written under the new guidelines. Recovery planning guidelines generally incorporated the SCB recommendations, including those for managing threats. However, although recent recovery plans have improved in their treatment of threats, many fail to adequately incorporate threat monitoring. This failure suggests that developing clear guidelines for monitoring should be an important priority in improving ESA recovery planning.     

共存离子对ZVI/S.oneidensis还原U(Ⅵ)的影响研究

研究零价铁(ZVI)与奥奈达希瓦氏菌(S.oneidensis)协同还原去除水相中U(Ⅵ)时,共存离子Cr~(6+)、Fe~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)分别存在时对U(Ⅵ)还原效果的影响。结果表明:溶液中共存的Cr~(6+)和溶解态的Fe~(3+)对ZVI与微生物协同还原U(Ⅵ)均存在显著的抑制作用,且当溶液中共存Cr~(6+)的含量超过10.0 mg/L时,U(Ⅵ)的还原几乎被完全抑制。在共存金属浓度为20 mg/L时,Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)对U(Ⅵ)的还原均具有抑制作用,且Cu~(2+)的影响大于Zn~(2+);Mn~(2+)对U(Ⅵ)的还原有微弱的促进作用。共存阴离子SO_4~(2-)对U(Ⅵ)的还原有微弱的促进作用,且作用大小与其浓度成正相关;在0.5~5.0 mmol/L浓度范围内,12 h时,共存阴离子NO_3~-对U(Ⅵ)的还原有明显的抑制作用。     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

从拒绝《京都议定书》看美国政府环境外交意图

作为国际社会最具影响力的环境协约,《京都议定书》却被美国政府拒之门外,通过对美国近年来针对该协约的态度及对全球变暖问题的外交举措分析,可以看出,美国政府环境外交行为的意图主要体现在三个方面,即规避不利条款的束缚;设计和实施替代性方案;积极争取国际环境领域的领导地位。     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.