酒精在常见可燃地面材料燃烧痕迹特征规律研究

易燃液体燃烧痕迹识别对助燃剂放火火灾调查至关重要。选用丙纶地毯和PVC地板革作为纤维和塑料地板的代表,以工业酒精作为易挥发助燃剂的代表,研究酒精用量、灭火方式等对燃烧痕迹形成及痕迹稳定性的影响。通过与未加载酒精的痕迹对比,发现丙纶地毯因热稳定性较差,燃烧后往往能形成烧坑或烧洞,其燃烧轮廓以典型的灰化形式存在,加载酒精的部位熔融严重,与地面紧紧粘连在一起;PVC地板革因为表面光滑,酒精在其表面不断流淌,燃烧后会留下清晰的轮廓,类似于细线状的印痕,而地板革本身基本不会燃烧。燃烧熄灭的方式也会对其炭化程度、燃烧图痕、残余形状产生影响。     

丙二酸二(2-(2,3-二羟基苯甲酰胺)乙基)酯的合成与螯合性能研究

用2,3-二羟基苯甲酸经羟基保护、酰胺化、酯化和去保护4步反应,生成一种新型的四齿丙二酸二(2-(2,3-二羟基苯甲酰胺)乙基)酯配体.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)和质谱(MS)对其结构进行了表征.在中性pH值条件下,研究了这种配体对铀酰离子的络合能力.结果表明,丙二酸二(2-(2,3-二羟基苯甲酰胺)乙基)酯配体与铀酰离子的螯合常数为23.2.     

Auto-adaptive Air Distribution and Structure Optimization of Ejector Burner for Biomass Alcohol Fuels

A plenty of studies on the utilization of biomass alcohol fuels have been conducted, but combustion efficiency and stability of this fuels still need to be improved. Based on biomass alcohol fuels (bio-methanol and bio-ethanol), this paper studied auto-adaptive air distribution characteristics and optimum structure parameters of an ejector burner by numerical simulation method. Also, an experiment was conducted to verify the numerical results. The results show that the mole air entrainment ratio (MAER) keeps almost constant when the ejector fuel nozzle exit locates at the segment between the ejector throat and the suction chamber entrance, but a bigger ratio α would lead to a higher MAER till the α is bigger than 8.5 for bio-methanol and 11.5 for bio-ethanol. The bio-ethanol fuel is more beneficial for air carrying role because of its big molecular weight. Operation pressure (P_w) has a little impact on MAER of the two fuels, but the rise of back pressure (P_b) would lead to rapid decrease of MAER for the two fuels. For the optimum structure burners, the MAER can be maintained at the value of theoretical complete combustion. Its changing rate is less than 2.3% for bio-methanol and 2.5% for bio-ethanol when the burner load changes from 30% to 120%, which is highly consistent with the experimental results. The optimum burner can distribute air supply automatically with the changing of burner load.     

顶空气相色谱法测定工业废水中乙醇和异丙醇研究

建立了测定工业废水中乙醇和异丙醇的顶空毛细管气相色谱法.采用顶空进样技术,分析过程不使用有机试剂,避免了对分析人员和环境的危害.乙醇和异丙醇在3.00～ 20.0mg/L浓度范围内呈良好线性关系,水样测定结果重现性较好,相对标准偏差范围均小于2％,乙醇加标回收率为93.6％～104.0％,异丙醇加标回收率为94.0％～ 102.0％.本方法操作简单快速,灵敏度高,能满足工业废水中乙醇和异丙醇的监测.     

Evaluation of solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ethyl lactate/water versus ethanol/water mixtures for contaminated soil remediation applications

Solubility data of recalcitrant contaminants in cosolvents is essential to determine their potential applications in enhanced soil remediation. The solubilities of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene in ethyl lactate/water and ethanol/water mixtures were measured using equilibrium techniques. The cosolvency powers derived from solubility data were then applied to the model developed from the solvophobic approach to predict the capability of ethyl lactate and ethanol in enhancing the desorption of contaminants from soils. Both ethyl lactate and ethanol cosolvents were shown to be able to enhance the solubilisation of the tested four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by > 4 orders of magnitude above the levels obtained with water alone. However, ethyl lactate demonstrated a greater capacity to enhance PAH solubility than ethanol. The cosolvency powers of ethyl lactate/water system obtained from the end-to-end slope (σ) and the end-to-half slope (σ_0.5) of the solubilisation curve were 1.0--1.5 and 2.0--2.9 higher than ethanol/water system respectively. In line with this, ethyl lactate/water was demonstrated to enhance the desorption of contaminants from soil by 20%--37% and 18%--61% higher compared to ethanol/water system in low organic content and high organic content soils respectively, with a 2:1 (V/W) ratio of solution:soil and with cosolvent fraction as low as 0.4. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, the experimental desorption results agreed fairly with the predicted values, under an applied solution:soil ratio that was enough to hold the capacity of released contaminants.     

Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)铁氧体工艺原位处理PVA废水及其沉淀物回收利用

为了评价Fe（Ⅲ）/Fe（Ⅱ）铁氧体工艺对PVA（聚乙烯醇）废水处理的可行性,采用Fe（Ⅲ）/Fe（Ⅱ）铁氧体工艺原位处理PVA模拟废水,考察不同作用时间、总铁投加量、初始ρ（PVA）和废水硬度对该工艺处理效果的影响.利用XRD（X射线衍射）、FT-IR（傅里叶转换红外光谱）、BET比表面积、VSM（磁滞回线测试）对沉淀物进行表征,解析该工艺原位处理PVA模拟废水的主要机理,并以该工艺沉淀物为吸附剂,通过锑吸附试验,探讨该工艺沉淀物的回用性.结果表明:①Fe（Ⅲ）/Fe（Ⅱ）铁氧体工艺对PVA模拟废水具有良好的处理能力,初始ρ（PVA）为1 000 mg/L时,该工艺在20 min以内即可达到80%以上的去除率,并且基本没有金属铁的残余,该工艺对PVA的去除率随总铁投加量的增加而提高且基本不受水体硬度影响. ②在Fe（Ⅲ）/Fe（Ⅱ）铁氧体工艺对PVA的原位去除过程中,PVA作为一种反应物参与沉淀物Fe₃O₄的生成,并促进纳米Fe₃O₄比表面积增大,最终形成一种类似于凝胶的Fe₃O₄聚合物. ③Fe（Ⅲ）/Fe（Ⅱ）铁氧体工艺可高效处理模拟PVA-MB（亚甲基蓝）染料废水.对于含有100 mg/L MB（亚甲基蓝三水）和500 mg/L PVA的混合溶液,MB和COD_Cr去除率在1 min时分别达到97.37%和89.47%.沉淀物通过磁分离、乙醇和水清洗后,在水中浸出的ρ（TOC）和ρ（COD_Cr）很低,分别为0.86和2 mg/L,可作为吸附剂直接使用,得益于其具有较高的比表面积,对金属锑的拟合吸附量可达71.94 mg/g. ④Fe（Ⅲ）/Fe（Ⅱ）铁氧体工艺具有一定的实际应用价值.对东莞某实际印染废水处理5 min,COD_Cr和染料的去除率分别为85.71%和98.98%.研究显示,Fe（Ⅲ）/Fe（Ⅱ）铁氧体工艺可高效去除PVA,沉淀物为易回收的磁性Fe₃O₄,可作为吸附剂直接使用.      

基于PMF-PCA/APCS与PERI的菏泽油用牡丹种植区表层土壤重金属潜在来源识别及生态风险评估

研究特色农产品产区土壤重金属来源及其潜在风险,对科学管理、安全利用土壤和作物资源具有重要意义.以菏泽油用牡丹种植区为研究对象,采集并测定了254件表层土壤样品As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属的含量.采用多元统计法分析了重金属的含量特征及相关性,利用地累积指数（I_geo）、正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）和主成分分析/绝对主成分分数法（PCA/APCS）相结合的手段解析了表层土壤中重金属的来源,借助潜在生态风险指数（PERI）对该8种重金属的生态风险进行了评估.结果表明,土壤中除Cd元素的平均值高于菏泽市背景值1.44倍之外,其余7种重金属的平均含量均与菏泽市土壤元素背景值基本一致;经相关分析和聚类分析,土壤中Pb、Hg和Cd元素受后期人为活动的干扰影响较大;研究区8种重金属的来源为自然源、农业化肥源、工业燃煤源和生活交通源,贡献率分别为81.31%、15.45%、2.74%和0.50%;研究区84.25%的点位处于轻微生态风险,而中度风险和强风险点位占比分别为14.96%和0.79%,其中Cd和Hg是研究区生态风险主导元素.     

蒙城地震台地磁绝对观测数据处理分析软件

蒙城地震台地磁绝对观测数据主要通过手工方式计算处理,由于内容多而繁琐,很容易出现人为错误,而且工作效率不高。本文介绍了“蒙城地震台地磁绝对观测数据处理分析软件”,该软件将绝对观测日常数据处理工作有效整合,形成了流程,提高了数据处理效率。并能够对数据进行误差统计、趋势分析等,以了解观测资料的实际状况。     

Epidemiology of alcohol and drug screening among pedestrian fatalities in the United States, 2014–2016

Objective: U.S. pedestrian fatalities increased by 25% between 2010 and 2015. Risk factors include distractions, the built environment, urbanization, economic variables, and weather conditions. Of interest is the role of alcohol and drugs in premature death among pedestrians. This study sought to explore the prevalence of substance use screenings among pedestrian fatalities in the United States between 2014 and 2016.

Methods: Data were collected from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System provided by the NHTSA. Pedestrian crash variables included demographics as well as information regarding alcohol or drug testing status. Frequency and cross-tabulation tables were constructed to assess the prevalence of screening by person, place, and time. Log-linear analyses were completed to explore age, race, and sex differences. A 3-year examination period was used to control for yearly fluctuations and to incorporate an increasing trend in cases.

Results: Pedestrian fatalities accounted for 84% of all deaths among vulnerable road users during the examination period. Those most at risk were white males between the ages of 45 and 64. Over all states, 74.7% of fatalities were tested for alcohol and 67.1% were tested for drugs; further, 66.5% of cases were tested for both alcohol and drugs and 24.8% were tested for neither substance. Cases screened for both alcohol and drugs ranged from 2.9% in North Carolina to 95.7% in Nevada and those testing for neither substance ranged from a high of 68.9% in Indiana to a low of 1.1% in Maryland. Log-linear regression revealed significant differences in alcohol screening by age and race but not by sex. Differences in drug screening were not identified for any demographic variable. Fatalities tested for alcohol were significantly more likely to be tested for drugs; only 8.2% were screened solely for alcohol and 0.05% were screened for drugs alone.

Conclusions: Preventive strategies become more important as pedestrian crashes and fatalities increase. Risk reduction in the form of policy change, alterations to the built environment, or interdisciplinary approaches to injury prevention is dependent upon best evidence supported in part by more deliberate and consistent screening.