Confirmation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) distribution in the blood and verification of simple quantitative method for PCBs based on specific congeners

We measured the concentration of each polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener in whole blood, plasma and blood cells, and investigated the distribution of PCBs in human blood using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). The PCB concentrations in plasma and whole blood in terms of lipid concentrations were almost equal, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.972. In the blood, the ratio of PCBs in blood cells to those in plasma was generally about 1:9 and the congener distribution patterns in blood cells and plasma were similar.We performed verification of a simple mass screening method by obtaining information on the main PCB congeners for investigations on human accumulation and exposure. The total concentration of the seven PCB congeners (UNEP-7) proposed to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by Muir and Morita was about 50% of the total concentration of all PCB congeners, and UNEP-30 was about 80%. The seven main congeners in the blood (MCB-7) showed a value that was about 60%, and MCB-30 showed a value that was about 90%. Determinations with the main congeners in the blood showed a correlation of r = 0.990 or more between the main eight congeners (MCB-7 plus #74) and the total PCB concentration for all congeners. The results suggest that, although total PCB concentration can be effectively estimated from the main seven congeners, the main eight congeners would be preferable, and that the use of these congeners in the simple mass screening method would be effective for populations in areas uncontaminated by PCBs.     

石墨炉法测定铅的基体改进剂的选择

通过一系列实验，选择了石墨炉法测定铅的最佳基体改进剂，并确定了使用该基体改进剂的最佳灰化温度和原子化温度。     

Biochemical effects of some organo‐phosphorus insecticides on new targets in white rats

Abstract

The three S‐n‐propyl phosphates and phosphothioates: RH 218, profenofos and prothiophos were compared with fenitrothion in their potential as inhibitors of rat liver and brain AChE. Fenitrothion was more potent as an inhibitor than the three S‐n‐propyl derivatives. Incubation of hepatic protein enhanced ChE inhibition in brain in the case of fenitrothion, while it reduced the inhibitory effect of the S‐n‐propyl derivatives. On the other hand, the four organophosphorus esters caused hypoglycemia in both male and female rats and also reduced their blood urea with different degrees.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)     

Pb2+对城市污水处理厂污泥中苏云金芽孢杆菌发酵的影响

以城市污水处理厂污泥为培养基,研究了添加Pb2+对Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis,苏云金芽孢杆菌)生长和晶体蛋白合成的影响,同时分析了Bt发酵过程中有效态Pb含量(以ρ计)的变化,并采用FTIR(傅立叶红外光谱)和XPS(X射线光电子能谱),初步探讨了Pb2+在Bt表面的作用机制.结果表明:污泥培养基在支持Bt生长代谢和降低重金属有效态含量方面均优于商用培养基,当初始ρ(Pb2+)高达400 mg/L时,与未添加Pb2+相比,污泥培养基中Bt活菌数与晶体蛋白产量约分别下降48%和54%,而商用培养基中约分别下降82%和75%,证实了污泥作为Bt发酵培养基的可行性;Bt对Pb2+有较好的耐受性,当ρ(有效态Pb)在80 mg/L以下时,Bt生长代谢不会受到显著影响.光谱学分析表明,Bt对Pb2+有少量吸附,从而降低Bt发酵过程中Pb的生物有效性,吸附位点主要为羟基,部分C O和S O也参与了吸附反应.     

La-PTFE共掺杂二氧化铅电极的制备及其性能研究

以Ti为基体,掺杂La2O3和聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),通过电沉积法制备了Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+La2O3+β-PbO2电极,并将所制备的电极应用于亚甲基蓝模拟染料废水的降解.结果发现,与常规的Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+β-PbO2电极相比,Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+La2O3+β-PbO2电极对亚甲基蓝及COD有较好的去除效果.含有La2O3活性层的Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+La2O3+β-PbO2电极在电解质浓度为0.15mol.L-1,电极极距为6.0cm的酸性条件下降解亚甲基蓝的效果最佳.降解3.0h后,对100mg.L-1亚甲基蓝的去除率可达到97.92%,对COD去除率为93.39%.SEM结果显示,Ti/SnO2+Sb2O3/PTFE+La2O3+β-PbO2电极表面颗粒鲜明,比表面积增大,改善了电极的微观结构和催化效果.电化学测试表明,La2O3的掺杂显著提高了二氧化铅电极的析氧过电位,显示出较好的应用前景.     

低剂量长期铅暴露对雄性黑斑蛙精巢组织关键酶活性的影响

在实验条件下,将健康的性成熟雄性黑斑蛙暴露于0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8和1.6mg·L-1的Pb2+溶液中30d,以Ca2+-ATP酶、Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶、β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶(β-DG)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性为指标,进行了长期铅暴露对雄性黑斑蛙生殖毒性的研究.结果表明:随着铅染毒剂量的增加,Ca2+-ATP酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶活性被诱导,Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶活性被抑制,当Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的抑制程度超过Ca2+-ATP酶和Na+-K+-ATP酶的代偿机制时,会抑制精子的发生,进而导致雄性生殖毒性;在1.6mg·L-1Pb2+处理下,ACP酶被显著抑制,提示支持细胞受损,精子总数受到影响;在0.4mg·L-1Pb2+处理下,LDH酶被显著抑制,提示生精细胞受损,精子质量受到影响.     

2015年调水调沙期间黄河悬浮颗粒Pb及其稳定同位素组成变化

通过对2015年黄河调水调沙期间利津水文站悬浮泥沙以及小浪底水库表层沉积物的分析,研究了调水调沙期间黄河入海泥沙中Pb元素的含量及同位素组成的变化特征,探讨了其物质来源及对调水调沙进程的响应.结果表明,调水调沙期间黄河入海泥沙Pb元素含量为18.09~28.35μg/g,平均为21.64μg/g,稳定同位素²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb为0.8367~0.8481,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb为2.0839~2.0997,与黄土等物质较为接近.Pb含量及稳定同位素组成在调水调沙前、后期均较高,而在调水调沙中间主要时段则较低.利津站悬浮泥沙及小浪底水库沉积物中Pb同位素组成均符合黄河源Pb演化规律,但小浪底水库沉积物Pb元素含量较高,部分站位受到了人类活动的影响.调水调沙进程对该期间黄河入海泥沙Pb的变化及来源有着显著影响,在调水调沙前期和后期,水沙通量小,洪水对下游河床冲刷作用弱,Pb受到中上游沉积物来源影响,导致含量和同位素组成较高.在调水调沙中间的主要时段,利津悬浮泥沙与小浪底水库沉积物显著不同,Pb主要来自洪水对下游河床的冲刷,以自然来源为主,未受到人类活动影响.     

基于大田试验的铅镉复合污染土壤中甜糯玉米低积累特性

为筛选适合在铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）复合污染土壤种植的低积累特性甜糯玉米品种,选取39个玉米品种,通过大田试验,研究其籽粒和秸秆对Pb和Cd的富集特性和差异.将玉米产量、富集系数和基于土壤Pb和Cd风险阈值的方法作为筛选低积累玉米品种的评价指标.结果表明,不同品种玉米的产量、籽粒和秸秆的Pb和Cd含量之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）.籽粒对Pb和Cd的富集系数分别为0.00003~0.00230和0.01~0.15,秸秆对Pb和Cd的富集系数分别为0.003~0.065和0.64~4.28.通过对不同玉米富集系数的聚类分析,综合不同品种玉米的土壤Pb和Cd风险阈值得出,惠甜5号、新美甜818和玉糯9号可在Pb和Cd含量超风险管制值的耕地安全生产,天贵糯937和金萬糯2000可在Cd含量超风险筛选值的耕地安全生产.惠甜5号、新美甜818和玉糯9号作为Pb和Cd复合低积累品种,适宜在广西铅镉复合污染土壤上推广种植,天贵糯937和金萬糯2000作为籽粒低积累、秸秆Cd高积累品种,建议将其作为植物修复资源加以利用.