Effect of housing geometry on the performance of Chemcatcher passive sampler for the monitoring of hydrophobic organic pollutants in water

Passive sampling of pollutants in water has been gaining acceptance for environmental monitoring. Previously, an integrative passive sampler (the Chemcatcher) was developed and calibrated for the measurement of time weighted average concentrations of hydrophobic pollutants in water. Effects of physicochemical properties and environmental variables (water temperature and turbulence) on kinetic and thermodynamic parameters characterising the exchange of analytes between the sampler and water have been published. In this study, the effect of modification in sampler housing geometry on these calibration parameters was studied. The results obtained for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons show that reducing the depth of the cavity in the sampler body geometry increased the exchange kinetics by approximately twofold, whilst having no effect on the correlation between the uptake and offload kinetics of analytes. The use of performance reference compounds thus avoids the need for extensive re-calibration when the sampler body geometry is modified.     

Impact of Bioaugmentation with a Consortium of Bacteria on the Remediation of Wastewater-Containing Hydrocarbons (5 pp)

Goals, Scope and Background It has been observed that hydrocarbon treated wastewaters still contain high COD and a number of intermediates. This suggests that the required catabolic gene pool for further degradation might be absent in the system or, that its titer value is not significant enough. By providing the desired catabolic potential, the overall efficiency of the treatment system can be improved. This study aims to demonstrate this concept by bioaugmentation of a lab-scale reactor treating refinery wastewater with a consortium having the capacity to complement the alkB genotype to the available microbial population. Methods Two reactors were set up using activated biomass collected from a refinery treatment plant and operated at a continuous mode for a period of 8 weeks. The feed to both reactors was kept constant. Crude oil was spiked regularly. One reactor was bioaugmented with a consortium previously described for crude oil spill remediation. The efficiency of the bioaugmented reactor was demonstrated by reduced COD. The changes in the microbial population over a period of time were analyzed by RAPD. Catabolic activity of the biomass in both reactors was monitored by PCR. The presence of the catabolic loci was confirmed by Southern Hybridization. Results and Discussion 52.2% removal of COD was observed in the bioaugmented reactor while only 15.1% reduction of COD was observed in the reactor without bioaugmentation. The change in microbial population can be seen from the 4th week, which also corresponds to improved catabolic activity. The presence of the bedA locus was seen in all samples, which indicates the presence of aromatic degraders, but the appearance of the alkB locus, from the 6th week onwards, which was observed only in the samples from the bioaugmented reactor. The results suggest that the gene pool of the bioaugmented reactor has catabolic loci that can degrade accumulated intermediates, thus improving the efficiency of the system. Conclusions In this study, improvement of efficiency of bioremediation was demonstrated by addition of catabolic loci that are responsible for degradation. Bioaugmentation was carried out in biomass that was collected from an ETP (effluent treatment plant) treating hydrocarbon containing wastewater to study the strategies for improvement of the treatment system. Biostimulation, only marginally improved the efficiency, when compared to bioaugmentation. The improved efficiency was demonstrated by COD removal. The presence of the alkB locus suggests the importance of a catabolic gene pool that acts on accumulated intermediates. It is well documented that straight chain aliphatics and intermediates of aromatic compounds after ring cleavage, accumulate in refinery wastewater systems, thereby hindering further degradation of the wastewater. Supplementation of a catabolic gene pool that treats the lower pathway compounds and alkanes will improve the overall efficiency. In this study, results suggest that the alkB locus can also be used to monitor the degradative mode of the activated biomass. Recommendations and Perspective . Pollution from petroleum and petroleum products around the globe are known to have grave consequences on the environment. Bioremediation, using activated sludge, is one option for the treatment of such wastes. Effluent treatment plants are usually unable to completely degrade the wastewater being treated in the biological unit (the aerator chambers). The efficiency of degradation can be improved by biostimulation and bioaugmentation. This study demonstrates the improved efficiency of a treatment system for wastewater containing hydrocarbons by bioaugmentation of a consortium that supports degradation. Further experiments on a pilot scale are recommended to assess the use of bioaugmentation on a large scale. The use of molecular tools, like DNA probes for alkB, to monitor the system also needs to be explored.     

聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂的合成及其与卤代烃的反应

由聚苯乙烯基磺酰氯树脂与硫化氢钾反应制备聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂（Ｉ），树脂Ｉ与亲电的卤代烃反应，生成聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸酯树脂（Ⅱ），树脂Ⅱ经过乙硫醇处理，使卤代烃结构部分以不对称二硫醚的形式游离下来，用ＧＣ／ＭＳ对其结构进行鉴定。从不对称二硫醚的结构可推导出原卤代烃的结构，所制备的聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂的转化效率为１．１１ｍｍｏｌ·ｇ＾－１。     

Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in South and Southeast Asian mussels

A comprehensive monitoring survey for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) utilizing mussels as sentinel organisms was conducted in South and Southeast Asia as a part of the Asian Mussel Watch project. Green mussel (Perna viridis) samples collected from a total of 48 locations in India, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Philippines during 1994–1999 were analyzed for PAHs, EDCs including nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and bisphenol A (BPA), and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) as molecular markers for sewage. Concentrations of NP ranged from 18 to 643 ng/g-dry tissue. The highest levels of NP in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia were comparable to those observed in Tokyo Bay. Elevated concentrations of EDCs were not observed in Vietnam and Cambodia, probably due to the lower extent of industrialization in these regions. No consistent relationship between concentrations of phenolic EDCs and LABs were found, suggesting that sewage is not a major source of EDCs. Concentrations of PAHs ranged from 11 to 1,133 ng/g-dry, which were categorized as “low to moderate” levels of pollution. The ratio of methylphenanthrenes to phenanthrene (MP/P ratio) was >1.0 in 20 out of 25 locations, indicating extensive input of petrogenic PAHs. This study provides a bench-mark for data on the distribution of anthropogenic contaminants in this region, which is essential in evaluating temporal and spatial variation and effect of future regulatory measures.     

煤矸石自燃过程中多环芳烃含量的变化研究

采用室内模拟实验的方法,综合分析了煤矸石堆积自燃过程中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的变化规律。研究发现,煤矸石自燃过程中,PAHs的生成与散失同时存在。较低的温度(60℃)对多环芳烃的生成具有一定的促进作用;500℃之后,PAHs全部散失或者降解为小分子物质,含量几乎为0。单个PAH的含量变化与总含量基本一致,仅是某一个PAH在不同温度下在总含量中所占的比例不同。自燃过程中高环的PAHs可能生成低环的PAHs使其含量增加。     

胎盘内多环芳烃分布及源解析研究

探讨多环芳烃在胎盘中的分布,并对其进行源解析。从2012年6月—2013年6月在云南省第一人民医院产科分娩的产妇中随机抽取30例,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)检测其胎盘中多环芳烃的含量;比较胎盘的中央部分和边缘部分多环芳烃含量的差异;对多环芳烃进行源解析,探讨其主要来源。胎盘中检测到多种多环芳烃成分;其中2~4个苯环的多环芳烃占总量的90%以上,尤其是萘、苊、芴、菲、蒽、芘、荧蒽的含量较高;萘、苊烯、苊、茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽5种多环芳烃在胎盘中央的含量高于边缘,具有显著性差异(P0.05),其他多环芳烃在胎盘中央和边缘的含量无显著性差异(P0.05)。多环芳烃源解析提示80%研究对象体内的多环芳烃主要来自石油产品的燃烧或暴露于石油产品。     

典型印染废水处理过程中芳香烃化合物的污染特征及污泥生态风险评价

采用GC-MS测定了典型综合印染废水处理厂废水和污泥中芳香烃化合物的含量.结果表明,原水中苯系物总量为203.96±15.18μg·L-1,其中二甲苯占62.7%,尾水中苯系物总量为0.2±0.029μg·L-1,整个处理工艺对苯系物的去除效率为99%.原水中多环芳烃(PAHs)总浓度达1349.51±35.77 ng·L-1,以3—6环为主,主要富集在颗粒物上.整个工艺对PAHs的去除效率为95%,尾水中PAHs总浓度为65.81±20.99ng·L-1,以2—3环为主.干污泥中PAHs含量高达2996.10±151.0 ng·g-1,污泥吸附为水相中PAHs去除的主要机理之一.印染污泥直接填埋或农用会引起潜在的生态危害.     

基于放射性碳分析的多环芳烃源解析:技术进展和准确性评估

化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧是污染物多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)的两大来源.放射性碳(14C)分析近年用于评估这两类源对环境中PAHs的相对贡献.此方法基于化石燃料和生物质的14C含量差异,即化石燃料不含14C,而生物质的14C浓度有一个较稳定值.14C的自然丰度极低(约10-12),因此检测PAHs这样的痕量污染物的14C含量一度极具挑战.1990年代中期,加速器质谱的技术突破使得对环境样品PAHs的14C分析具有实用价值.要准确测出PAHs的14C含量,须先从化学成分复杂的环境样品中分离出高纯度的PAHs.制备气相色谱因其出色的分离能力而成为目前环境样品PAHs14C分析必备的工具.本文意在简介基于14C分析的PAHs源解析的基本原理、技术进展,以及评估该方法获得的PAHs源解析结果的准确性.     

长江重庆段表层水体中多环芳烃的分布及来源分析

采集了长江重庆段干流以及重要支流共7个断面的表层水样,采用液相色谱法分析15种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs).结果表明,水体中总PAHs浓度范围为6.44—109.39 ng·L-1,平均值为41.83 ng·L-1.在5个断面水体中检出苯并(a)芘,浓度为0.05—1.32 ng·L-1,低于我国地表水标准限值(2.8 ng·L-1).长江重庆段的PAHs浓度水平低于大部分国内其他河流,与国外一些河流的浓度水平相当.PAHs组成以中低环PAHs(3环和4环)为主,平均比例分别为55.7%和38.8%,高环PAHs(5环和6环)含量较低,分别占3.6%和1.9%.示踪PAHs比值法结果显示长江重庆段表层水体PAHs主要来源于石化产品的泄漏污染.     

太原市污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

通过对污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)的分布特征、污染程度及来源进行解析,深入了解污水灌溉引发的土壤污染问题,实现污水灌溉农田土壤的污染预警和科学合理利用.在太原污灌农田共采集110个土壤样品,使用气相色谱-质谱仪(Gas Chromatography...