高效降氰菌群的构建及降解特性

从筛选到的降氰菌中构建出了优于单一菌种降氰活性的复配菌群CNR.研究了该复合菌群的生长条件,探讨了温度、pH、接种量、氰化物初始浓度及降解时间等因素对CNR降氰的影响.研究表明,复配菌群CNR适应碱性环境,可降解高浓度氰化物(CN-11 000 mg/L),并对金属氰化物和脂肪族腈具有极强的降解能力.在有氧、pH 11、33 ℃和接种量10%条件下.含CN-11 000 ng/L培养液经60 h降解后,CN-1浓度降为0.49 mg/L,降氰率高达99.96%,达到国家一级排放标准.     

对氰化钠污染事故应急监测及处置的探讨

以氰化钠污染事故的处置为例介绍了监测方法,对如何做好突发性环境污染事故的处置与监测提出对策.     

离子交换纤维对金属氰络合物吸附性能的研究

采用强碱性离子交换纤维对含氰废水中主要离子铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物的吸附性能进行了研究。实验结果表明：含氰废水的pH在8—11范围内，纤维材料对金属氰络合物具有良好的吸附性能；纤维对铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物的吸附速率很快，4min左右就可达吸附平衡；温度对铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物吸附影响不大，纤维的这些吸附特点对工业应用非常有利。     

Effects of a fire-retardant chemical to fathead minnows in experimental streams

BACKGROUND: Each year millions of liters of fire-retardant chemicals are applied to wildfires across the nation. Recent laboratory studies with long-term fire-retardant chemicals indicate a significant photoenhanced toxicity of products containing sodium ferrocyanide corrosion inhibitors. Our objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of fire-retardant chemicals to fathead minnows during exposure in experimental outdoor streams. METHODS: Stream tests were conducted to determine the potential toxicity of a pulse of exposure as might occur when fire retardant chemical is rinsed from the watershed by rainfall. Two artificial 55-meter experimental streams were dosed with different concentrations of Fire-Trol GTS-R, or uncontaminated for a control. Replicate groups of fathead minnows were added to screened containers (10 fish per container) and exposed to retardant chemicals in the recirculating flow of the stream for up to 6 hours. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Under field conditions toxicity of GTS-R only occurred in the presence of sunlight. When GTS-R was tested on sunny days, 100% mortality occurred. However, when tested during heavily overcast conditions, no mortality occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Lethal concentrations of cyanide were measured when GTS-R with YPS exposures were conducted under sunny conditions, but not under cloudy conditions, indicating that a minimum UV level is necessary to induce toxicity as well as the release of cyanide from YPS. The toxicity observed with GTS-R was likely associated with lethal concentrations of cyanide. Rainwater runoff following applications of this fire-retardant at the recommended rate could result in lethal concentrations in small ponds and streams receiving limited water flow under sunny conditions. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In addition to avoiding application to aquatic habitats, it is important to consider characteristics of the treated site including soil binding affinity and erosive properties.     

电子加速器辐射处理含氰废水的中试研究

以江苏省某碳纤维生产企业排放的含氰工业废水为研究对象,采用自屏蔽Dynamitron电子加速器(能量0.5~1.0 MeV,束流10~15 mA)开展了处理量为30 m3·d-1的中试实验.通过正交实验设计,研究了不同因素对氰化物降解的影响,优化了操作条件.研究结果表明,加速器辐照能够有效去除废水中的氰化物,当CN-浓度为21.08~117.49 mg·L-1,辐照剂量为1.5 kGy时,CN-的去除率为33.88%~59.25%.臭氧的存在可以显著提高氰化物的去除效率,辐照过程中加入2 mg·L-1的臭氧,在相同辐照剂量下,CN-的去除率可提高到48.19%~82.62%,氰化物的辐射降解可以用准一级反应动力学模型描述.氰化物辐射降解的主要产物为氨氮和氰酸盐.本实验研究是我国第一例运用电子加速器连续辐照处理实际工业废水的中试规模实验,为电离辐射技术在我国废水处理领域中的应用起到了良好的工程示范作用.     

探讨总氰化物测定的影响因素及其控制方法——以2011年上半年实样考核为例

针对在测定2011年上半年实样考核样品——总氰化物（已知样、未知样）过程中,标准曲线出现不显色的情况,通过反复实验,查找显色失败的影响因素,探讨保证监测分析结果考核合格的最佳方法。     

Rapid and sensitive headspace gas chromatographic method for cyanide determination in whole blood

We reported a simple and rapid headspace (HS) gas chromatographic (GC) assay for the determination of cyanide in human whole blood obtained from both cadaveric and intoxicated subjects. The poison was extracted from whole blood samples by HS technique after 10 min incubation at 80°C with a HCl (1N) acidic solution supplemented with 30 g L^?1 of sodium chloride and 10 mg L^?1 of isopropanol as internal standard. A SGE WAX capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm ID × 0.5 µm df) was used. The Flame Ionization Detector (FID) was set at 250°C. The detection and the quantification limits were 0.02 and 0.2 mg L^?1, respectively. In the within-day study, the coefficients of variation for three different whole blood cyanide concentrations varied between 3.2 and 6.5%, whereas those in the day-to-day study varied between 4.8 and 6.3%. The assay was performed in less than 20 min per sample, which appears to be suitable for emergency toxicological tasks involved in diagnosis of cyanide poisoning.     

产碱杆菌DN25中降氰酶的分离纯化及生化特性

以一株可降氰的产碱杆菌DN25为酶来源,通过超滤、30 mg/mL硫酸鱼精蛋白沉淀、30%～70%硫酸铵盐析和Phenyl-Toyopearl 650M疏水层析等步骤,获得比活力为44 U/mg的纯化酶制剂.在确定酶浓度、反应时间等氰降解活力测定条件后开展酶学性质研究,试图为将来氰降解代谢机理的深入研究和菌株的基因工程改造提供理论基础.研究结果表明,此纯化酶催化氰化物水解的最适pH值为8.0,最适温度为30℃.该酶在pH 7.0～8.0区域稳定,而在pH>9时会很快失活;在30℃保存10 h,酶活力保持稳定,高于60℃,酶快速失活.加入甘氨酸稳定剂,在60℃下保存20 min酶活仍可保留19.6%.酶促反应动力学符合米氏双曲线方程,测得米氏常数Km为3.11 mmol/L,最大反应速率Vmax为0.23 mmolL-1min-1.     

氰化物测定研究进展

氰化物是广泛应用于工矿业的有毒化学物质,不同存在形式的氰化物具有不同的毒性和地球化学行为,因此测定环境样品中不同存在形式的氰化物具有重要意义。总体而言,简单氰化物、总氰化物的分析技术相对成熟,而络合氰化物的分析逐渐成为氰化物测定中的难点和重点。本文主要对环境样品氰化物分析中的光度法(分光光度法、荧光法和原子吸收光度法)、电化学法(离子选择电极法、极谱法)、色谱法、放射化学法、流动注射分析法的原理、特点及分析效果进行详细的对比与讨论。     

流动注射分析仪快速测定水中氰化物方法研究

用流动注射分析仪和723S分光光度计（光度法）测定水中氰化物,进行了一系列的比对实验,结果表明,与GB/T7486-1987异烟酸—吡唑啉酮光度法相比,流动注射分析法测定水中氰化物具有高灵敏度、高精密度、高准确度、分析速度快、不需要人工蒸馏等特点。