Phytotoxicity of Cyanide to Weeping Willow Trees

Background Cyanide is found predominantly in industrial effluents generated by metallurgical operations. It is an extremely toxic compound, so that problems and catastrophic accidents have recently occurred all around the globe. The goal of this study was to determine the toxicity of cyanide to a Chinese willow species, and to determine the removal capacity. Methods The toxicity of potassium cyanide (KCN) to weeping willow trees (Salix babylonica L.) was tested. The normalized, relative transpiration of the plants was used to determine the phytotoxicity of cyanide. The cyanide removal capacity of weeping willows was also determined. Results and Discussion In hydroponic solution, no chlorosis of leaves and only a small reduction in normalized relative transpiration was observed when weeping willows were exposed to low doses of cyanide (0.93 mg CN/L). Severe signs of toxicity were found for the treatment groups exposed to higher doses of cyanide (9.3 mg CN/L). Weeping willows grown in sandy soils survived the entire period (216 hours) without any toxic effect when irrigated with low doses of cyanide (3.72 mg CN/L). High doses of cyanide (18.6 mg CN/L) in irrigation water were fatal for the weeping willows within 216 hours. EC50 values for a 50% inhibition of the transpiration of the trees were estimated to be between 3.27 and 8.23 mg CN/L, depending on the duration of the exposure. Conclusions The results obtained for the Chinese willow species Salix babylonica were very similar to those obtained for the European species S. viminalis in earlier studies. Phytotoxic effects were only found at high doses of cyanide. A large proportion of applied cyanide was removed from the contaminated media in the presence of weeping willows. This gives rise to the conclusion that the metabolism of cyanide by weeping willows is possible. Recommendations and Outlook Cyanide elimination with trees seems to be a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide. A full-scale treatment has been installed in Denmark. For phytoremediation projects in China, weeping willow could be a suitable species. The tree can tolerate and remove cyanide, and it is a native Chinese species. Besides, the tree is of outstanding beauty and is planted as a common park tree in many parts of the world.     

二氧化氯处理含铁氰化物废水的研究

在有助剂焦磷酸钠存在时进行了用二氧化氯处理含铁氰化物废水的研究。实验结果表明 ,在废水pH值为5— 9,焦磷酸钠∶铁氰化物 (摩尔比 ) =1.2∶1,处理时间为 6 0min ,二氧化氯加入量大于理论量 2 0 %的工艺条件下 ,处理后水中总氰化物含量在 0 .5mg/L以下。     

离子交换纤维对金属氰络合物吸附性能的研究

采用强碱性离子交换纤维对含氰废水中主要离子铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物的吸附性能进行了研究.实验结果表明:含氰废水的pH在8～11范围内,纤维材料对金属氰络合物具有良好的吸附性能;纤维对铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物的吸附速率很快,4 min左右就可达吸附平衡;温度对铜氰络合物、锌氰络合物吸附影响不大,纤维的这些吸附特点对工业应用非常有利.     

Natural cyanide degradation and impact on Ili River drainage areas from a Goldmine in Xinjiang autonomous region,China

The Ili River is a very important river to the northwest of China and Kazakhstan. The Axi Goldmine is located in the upstream of a branch of the Ili River. The cyanide from the goldmine effluent is a threat to the downstream areas. According to our study, the natural degradation of cyanide conforms to a negative exponential equation in the tailings impoundment, second wastewater pond and even in the receiving streams if the dilution action from other streams were deducted. In the combined action of dilution and natural decomposing, the cyanide from the goldmine effluent does not pose a hazard to the trunk of the Ili River in the normal producing states. The equations of cyanide degradation in the streams and the hydrology parameters could be used to assess the environmental impact on the downstream areas if accidental discharges of cyanide occurred. The available way of decreasing the cyanide impact on the streams is to increase the rate of recycled water so that the lower the wastewater level in the tailing impoundment and the second wastewater pond, the lower is the amount of leakage of wastewater to the streams.     

优化LACHAT流动注射仪在线氰方法分析时间的探讨

对于反应复杂的项目,流动注射分析的单位分析时间较长,造成样品批量分析时间过长,效率低下.本文通过实践,介绍了在LACHAT QuckChem 8000流动注射仪上,优化在线总氰化物方法分析时间和提高分析效率的使用经验.     

氮气吹出分离法测定氨化物

本工作对多级串联吹出分离法测定氰化物的可行性作了探讨。试验确定在磷酸－ＥＤＴＡ体系中用氮气吹出分离氰化氢的条件。一次可以同时处理四个样品，富集浓缩效率可达２０倍。标准水样试验结果的平均回收率为９５％，相对标准偏差为１．６—５．３％。环境水样测定结果本方法和标准方法基本相符．     

生物接触氧化法处理腈纶废水研究

腈纶废水中含有氰化物、单体聚合物等有毒有害物质,碱性氧化法、酸性回收法等处理含氰废水,难以达到国家排放标准。上海某腈纶厂采用硫氰酸钠一步法和二步法湿纺工艺生产腈纶,废水处理采用＂加药混凝沉淀法＋生物接触氧化法＂,氰化物、氨氮、COD、BOD5去除率分别为94.5%、89.9%、88.2%、97%,达到污水综合排放一级标准。     

一株产碱杆菌DN25中降氰酶的提取和特性研究

从实验室自行保藏的一株高效降氰菌株——产碱杆菌Alcaligenes sp.DN25中提取降氰酶,并研究其降解特性。通过分别测定胞内酶、胞外酶和细胞碎片对氰化物的降解率,初步判断该菌株降氰酶主要分布在细胞内。所提取的降氰酶具有较好的保存稳定性和pH稳定性,降解最适条件为温度35℃、pH7.0,并测得该降氰酶的米氏常数Km和最大反应速率分别为267.8mg/L和6.71mg/(L·min)。检测出该酶降解氰化物的产物之一为NH3,降解完全;尿素对酶活有抑制作用,初步可断定此酶中存在氰水合酶。     

加压水解法处理含氰废水的研究

文章研究了含氰废水加压水解的反应条件及动力学,结果表明:水解温度影响最显著,反应时间次之,pH值及初始浓度影响都较小;氰化钾的加压水解反应规律符合一级反应动力学;在不同水解温度下,溶液中CN-加压水解的反应速率常数不同,并计算出该实验条件下的平均反应活化能。同时建立了氰化钾水解去除率与水解温度、反应时间的数学模型。     

氰化物污染土壤的化学氧化修复方法初步研究

利用漂白粉(Ca(ClO)2)、H2O2、二氧化氯消毒剂(ClO2)作为氧化剂,处理氰化物污染的土壤,使其分解成低毒物或无毒物,据此建立了二氧化氯消毒剂(ClO2)处理含氰土壤的新方法.结果表明,漂白粉大大提高了土壤的pH值,改变了土壤原有的理化性质,H2O2有较好的处理效果但是氧化效率低,综合考虑,选择低浓度ClO2强氧化剂来修复氰化物污染的土壤.同时研究了温度、反应时问、ClO2浓度对反应的影响.结果显示,常温下,0.1%的ClO2为氧化剂,反应时间为45 min时,去除率可以达到55.57%;当ClO2浓度仍为0.1%,将温度升高为65℃.反应时间为30min时,去除率即能够达到98.85%.研究结果表明,该方法对氰化物污染的土壤处理是一种可行的和有效的选择,具有实用意义.