吹脱-电导法测定水中氨氮及其自动分析仪

建立了吹脱－电导法测定水和污水中的氨氮的方法。该方法是在90℃温度下，以气体将水样中氨氮吹出，用5mmol/L硫酸吸收，吸收液电导率的方法，在一定浓度范围内与氨氮吹出量成正比。测定标准样品的相对标准差和相对误差均为2．7％，方法的精密度和准确度均较好。根据该方法原理研制的氨氮在线自动分析仪测定自行配制的氨氮标准溶液，相对误差在2．8％以内，测定值准确可靠，最低检出限为0.1mg/L，两台样机分别用于黄河边国家水质自动站测定地表水和济南水质净化一厂测定污水，经过约5个月的运转，情况良好。     

离子色谱法测定地表水中总氮

采用碱性过硫酸钾消解水样，OnGuardⅡBa柱萃取、过滤，去除消解液中大量硫酸盐，离子色谱法测定地表水中总氮含量。试验表明，方法在0ms／L～20．0mg／L之间线性良好，相关系数r为0．9994，方法检出限为0．007mg／L。该方法与国标法同时测定标准物质，测定值均在定值范围内，6次平行测定结果的RSD分别为2．3％和1．8％，地表水样的加标回收率为95．7％～105％。实际水样的测定结果与国标法比对，无明显差异。     

连续流动分析-分光光度法测定水和废水中总氮

对连续流动分析-分光光度法测定水和废水中总氮进行方法适用性验证，6家验证单位验证数据表明：方法在0 mg/L～10．0 mg/L范围内线性良好，相关系数为0．9996～0．9999；方法检出限为0．04 mg/L，测定下限为0．16 mg/L；6家实验室测定总氮标准溶液 RSD为0．4％～9．6％，测定总氮有证标准物质的结果在允许范围内，实际水样的加标回收率为92．0％～111％。该方法与国标方法同时测定多种类型的水样，结果无显著差异。探讨了影响该方法测定的干扰因素和消除方法，并提出方法应用要点。     

气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁质谱测定水中超痕量多氯萘

采用固相萃取法处理水样，气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁质谱法测定水中超痕量多氯萘，同位素内标法定量，并对样品前处理条件和仪器条件进行优化。试验表明：方法在0．500 ng/L～500 ng/L范围内线性良好；当取样体积为1 L时，方法检出限为0．005 ng/L～0．01 ng/L；对实际水样进行2个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验，平行测定6次的 RSD为2．7％～8．7％，回收率为70．2％～110％。方法适用性试验表明，水样中复杂的基质对测定无影响。     

流动注射二乙氨基二硫代甲酸钠光度法测定废水中铜

采用流动注射二乙氨基二硫代甲酸钠分光光度法测定废水中的铜，优化了试验条件，讨论了干扰离子的影响。方法在0mg／L-10.0mg／L范围内线性良好，检出限为0.07mg／L，水样测定的RSD≤0.8％，加标回收率为98.5％-101％，标准样品的测定结果符合要求。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定水中痕量有机磷农药和甲萘威

采用二氯甲烷萃取水样，气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定水中有机磷农药和甲萘威。试验表明：方法在20．0μg/L ～1000μg/L范围内，各目标化合物线性良好；方法检出限为0．004μg/L～0．01μg/L；对实际水样进行3个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验，回收率在71．8％～94．5％之间，RSD为3．7％～8．5％，满足水中痕量有机磷农药和甲萘威的测定要求。     

离子选择电极法测定水中氯化物

采用离子选择电极法测定水中氯化物，通过试验确定参比溶液、离子强度调节剂的配制，并用添加氯离子氧化剂和离子浓度调节剂的方法排除干扰离子对测定的影响，使得复合氯离子电极测得的能斯特曲线响应系数为93．2％。标准品的加标回收率为99．8％±0．6％，测定结果的 RSD为0．4％。用该方法与国标硝酸银滴定法同时测定实际水样，两方法的测定值绝对误差在允许范围内。     

分光光度法测定水体色度的一种新方法

紫外分光光度法测定水体色度的新方法对于铬钴标准色列，色度在10-500度之间，350～600nm波长范围内峰面积与色度呈很好的线性关系，r为0．9999，RSD在0．59％～2．05％，检出限为1度．实际水样的测定结果表明，该方法与目视比色法的结果吻合得很好，较最大波长法更为准确，且方法简单，易于操作．     

流动注射分光光度法测定环境水样中镉

建立了镉-氨水·氯化铵缓冲溶液-对偶氮苯重氮氨基偶氮磺酸-甲醛高灵敏度显色体系下，采用流动注射技术测定环境水样中镉的方法，优化了试验条件，讨论了共存离子与色度的影响及消除办法。方法在6．00μg／L～460μg／L范围内线性良好，检出限为0．1μg／L，实际水样测定的加标回收率为986％～102％。     

便携式GC-MS快速测定水中苯胺

采用便携式GC-MS测定水体中的苯胺，并对水样中离子强度和顶空分析的平衡时间进行优化。试验表明，苯胺在10．0μg/L～200μg/L范围内有较好的线性，r为0．998；方法检出限为5．8μg/L；回收率为92．8％～96．7％；RSD为3．2％～8．6％。用54种VOCs混合标样对苯胺标液进行干扰试验，结果试验条件下苯胺与VOCs得到有效分离。     

荧光法快速测定水中粪大肠菌群

为研究荧光法测定水中粪大肠菌群的适用性,在6家实验室使用荧光法对粪大肠菌群的标准菌株和实际水样进行测定,并与多管发酵法进行比对。结果表明:6家实验室对标准菌株的监测结果均在误差范围内,实验室内相对误差为-2. 75%～1. 71%,准确度较高;对3个不同浓度实际水样进行精密度测定,实验室内相对标准偏差分别为1. 30%～3. 93%、1. 94%～4. 72%、1. 88%～4. 54%,实验室间的相对标准偏差分别为1. 14%、1. 59%、1. 72%,精密度较高;用荧光法与多管发酵法同时测定实际水样,2种方法测试结果线性相关性良好且变化趋势相同,对测试数据进行t检验,2种方法测试结果无显著差异。     

5-氯-2-(吡啶偶氮)-1,3-二氨基苯分光光度法测定水质钴

采用5-氯-2-(吡啶偶氮)-1,3-二氨基苯分光光度法测定水质钴。对分析方法的样品前处理、样品保存、样品分析条件、干扰消除、检出限及测定范围、实际样品测定进行了深入研究和技术改进。水样经消解后测定的方法检出限为0.009 mg/L,经富集后测定的方法检出限为4×10-4mg/L,干扰消除实验的回收率为96%~101%,地表水、地下水、生活污水及工业废水等4种类型水样的加标回收率为92%~103%。     

氯化铵-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定地表水中的总铬

应用原子吸收法测定水样中的总铬，在不同条件下对空白样品、标准样品和实际样品进行试验分析，进一步验证了方法的准确度和精密度，加标回收率在96.8%-103%之间，相对标准偏差为2.1%。试验表明，该方法准确可靠，实际操作具有可行性，适用于工业废水和受污染地表水中总铬的测定。     

超高压液相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水中特定污染物

采用超高压液相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水特定项目中包括微囊藻毒素-LR在内的13种污染物,对测定条件进行优化,使得各目标化合物均能在3min内检测完毕.试验表明,方法在各测定范围内线性良好,相关系数均〉0.99,各目标化合物的方法检出限为0.12μg/L～8.40μg/L,地表水样的加标回收率在62.0% ～104%之间,6次平行测定的RSD〈6%.用该方法测实际水样,阿特拉津和马拉硫磷被检出,质量浓度分别为0.6μg/L和0.7μg/L.     

液液萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水中硝基苯类化合物

采用液液萃取－气相色谱法测定饮用水中10种硝基苯类化合物，通过萃取条件优化试验，选择正己烷为萃取剂，使目标物在0μg／L～38.5μg／L之间线性良好，检出限为0.002μg／L ～0．005μg／L。实际饮用水样的加标回收率为80.8％～104％，RSD＜3％。用该方法测定桂林市4个水厂饮用水，结果硝基苯、间－二硝基苯、2，4－二硝基氯苯未检出，其余7种硝基苯类化合物虽有检出，但检出值均低于标准规定的限值。     

Simplification and validation of a large volume polyurethane foam sampler for the analysis of persistent hydrophobic compounds in drinking water

The use of a large volume polyurethane foam (PUF) sampler was validated for rapid extraction of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), in raw water and treated water from drinking water plants. To validate the recovery of target compounds in the sampling process, a (37)Cl-labeled standard was spiked into the 1st PUF plug prior to filtration. An accelerated solvent extraction method, as a pressurized liquid extractor (PLE), was optimized to extract the PUF plug. For sample preparation, tandem column chromatography (TCC) clean-up was used for rapid analysis. The recoveries of labeled compounds in the analytical method were 80-110% (n = 9). The optimized PUF-PLE-TCC method was applied in the analysis of raw water and treated potable water from seven drinking water plants in South Korea. The sample volume used was between 18 and 102 L for raw water at a flow rate of 0.4-2 L min(-1), 95 and 107 L for treated water at a flow rate of 1.5-2.2 L min(-1). Limit of quantitation (LOQ) was a function of sample volume and it decreased with increasing sample volume. The LOQ of PCDD/Fs in raw waters analyzed by this method was 3-11 times lower than that described using large-size disk-type solid phase extraction (SPE) method. The LOQ of PCDD/F congeners in raw water and treated water were 0.022-3.9 ng L(-1) and 0.018-0.74 ng L(-1), respectively. Octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was found in some raw water samples, while their concentrations were well below the tentative criterion set by the Japanese Environmental Ministry for drinking water. OCDD was below the LOQ in the treated drinking water.     

改进的还原偶氮光度法同时快速测定水中硝基苯和苯胺

对测定方法进行了改进,建立了用还原-偶氮分光光度法同时快速测定水中硝基苯和苯胺的分析方法。根据实验原理,对样品前处理装置进行了改进,实验步骤得到了简化,避免了样品溶液过滤转移过程造成样品损失,使样品前处理实验效率提高了90%以上;改进后的测定方法不仅可快速测定样品中硝基苯,还可同时测定样品中苯胺;达到了用一种分析方法同时测定样品中两种污染物的目的。方法精密度测定结果,相对标准偏差(n=6,RSD)为1.9%~3.2%;对硝基苯、苯胺混合标准样品以及实际废水样品进行了测定,并与原测定方法及苯胺国标测定方法进行了比对实验;测定结果具有一致性。加标实验回收率为96%~101%,表明方法准确可靠,可用于水和废水中硝基苯或硝基苯和苯胺的同时测定。     

Comparison of the microbial load of incoming and distal outlet waters from dental unit water systems in Istanbul

This is a cross-sectional study of the incoming and distal outlet water quality from 41 dental units in Istanbul, carried out to compare the total microbial loads using traditional culture method versus epifluorescence microscopy. The possible presence of Legionella pneumophila using traditional culture method was also analyzed. One hundred and twenty three samples were taken from the high-speed handpiece lines, air-water syringe lines and source (incoming) water supplies from 41 dental units. The samples were assayed for live/dead bacteria, heterotrophic bacterial counts and presence of L. pneumophila bacteria. Thirty nine out of 41 dental units (91%) were not able to meet the standard limit of 200 CFU/ml in dental unit waters. The live bacterial counts were 1-1.5 orders of magnitude higher than aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria. L. pneumophila (serogroup 2-14) was isolated from five out of 41 units. Some dental units were using commercially bottled (19 l) drinking water as a source. The source water of eight dental unit was heavily contaminated which were fed up by commercially bottled drinking water.     

Preparation and utilization of molecularly imprinted polymer for chlorsulfuron extraction from water, soil, and wheat plant

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared using chlorsulfuron (CS), a herbicide as a template molecule, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a cross-linker, methanol and toluene as a porogen, and 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The binding behaviors of the template chlorsulfuron and its analog on MIP were evaluated by equilibrium adsorption experiments, which showed that the MIP particles had specific affinity for the template CS. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with the chlorsulfuron molecularly imprinted polymer as an adsorbent was investigated. The optimum loading, washing, and eluting conditions for chlorsulfuron molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (CS-MISPE) were established. The optimized CS-MISPE procedure was developed to enrich and clean up the chlorsulfuron residue in water, soils, and wheat plants. Concentrations of chlorsulfuron in the samples were analyzed by HPLC-UVD. The average recoveries of CS spiked standard at 0.05~0.2 mg L(-1) in water were 90.2~93.3%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) being 2.0~3.9% (n=3). The average recoveries of 1.0 mL CS spiked standard at 0.1~0.5 mg L(-1) in 10 g soil were 91.1~94.7%, with the RSD being 3.1~5.6% (n=3). The average recoveries of 1.0 mL CS spiked standard at 0.1~0.5 mg L(-1) in 5 g wheat plant were 82.3~94.3%, with the RSD being 2.9~6.8% (n=3). Overall, our study provides a sensitive and cost-effective method for accurate determination of CS residues in water, soils, and plants.