Biogenic volatile organic compound analyses by PTR-TOF-MS: Calibration, humidity effect and reduced electric field dependency

Green leaf volatiles(GLVs) emitted by plants after stress or damage induction are a major part of biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs). Proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry(PTR-TOF-MS) is a high-resolution and sensitive technique for in situ GLV analyses, while its performance is dramatically influenced by humidity, electric field,etc. In this study the influence of gas humidity and the effect of reduced field(E/N) were examined in addition to measuring calibration curves for the GLVs. Calibration curves measured for seven of the GLVs in dry air were linear, with sensitivities ranging from 5 to10 ncps/ppbv(normalized counts per second/parts per billion by volume). The sensitivities for most GLV analyses were found to increase by between 20% and 35% when the humidity of the sample gas was raised from 0% to 70% relative humidity(RH) at 21°C, with the exception of(E)-2-hexenol. Product ion branching ratios were also affected by humidity,with the relative abundance of the protonated molecular ions and higher mass fragment ions increasing with humidity. The effect of reduced field(E/N) on the fragmentation of GLVs was examined in the drift tube of the PTR-TOF-MS. The structurally similar GLVs are acutely susceptible to fragmentation following ionization and the fragmentation patterns are highly dependent on E/N. Overall the measured fragmentation patterns contain sufficient information to permit at least partial separation and identification of the isomeric GLVs by looking at differences in their fragmentation patterns at high and low E/N.     

对核磁共振成像仪建设项目环境影响评价的研究

核磁共振作为一种分析手段广泛应用于物理、化学、生物、医疗等领域.本文从核磁共振原理出发,分析核磁共振成像仪主要环境影响,结合环评现状,分析环评管理存在的主要问题,结合相关法规条文,查找存在这些问题的主要原因,结合目前核磁共振仪的建设情况和使用条件,从切合实际角度出发,提出核磁共振成像仪建设项目环评管理建议.     

固定源细颗粒物稀释测试法现场应用存在问题及影响因素分析研究

对基于大气环境的稀释测试法在现场应用中存在的主要问题进行了归纳总结,并对若干影响细颗粒物测试结果的重要因素进行了分析,诸如停留时间、稀释比、采样时间等因素,期望能够对该法测试系统的后续改进或重新设计提供实际问题导向,同时也能够对该领域现场工作的科研人员提供非常有用的经验。     

Contamination and vertical distribution of As,Cd, Cr,Cu, Pb,Tl, and Zn in paddy soil irrigated with untreated leachate from tailings retention ponds

The contamination and vertical distribution of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Tl, and Zn in paddy soil irrigated with untreated leachate from the tailings retention pond were investigated. As, Cr, Cu, and Zn were slightly contaminated in the surface soil and hence their vertical distribution was not obvious. However, Cd and Pb were highly contaminated in the surface soil, while their concentrations decreased with depth, being negatively correlated with pH and positively with total organic matter. Tl was considerably contaminated in the surface soil and a V-shaped vertical distribution was observed where the concentration increased to a maximum at about 30 cm depth and decreased thereafter. The findings revealed that the regular irrigation with untreated leachate from the tailings retention ponds could cause considerable contamination of Cd, Pb, and Tl, and thus tailings should be stringently treated before disposal to minimize their potential environmental impacts on the surroundings.     

基于野外数据建立大型底栖动物电导率水质基准的可行性探讨

科学合理地设定水质基准是水生生物保护和水生态系统恢复的基础。水体电导率数值的高低由溶解于其中的各种阴阳离子的浓度所决定,而较多的研究也证明电导率能够显著地影响水生生物类群,特别是大型底栖动物物种存活和群落结构的稳定性。离子组成的复杂性,导致无法开展基于室内实验的水生生物电导率基准值的推导。本文借鉴美国环境保护局基于野外调查数据建立电导率基准值的方法,采用流行病学打分方法,分别从电导率是否对大型底栖动物敏感物种存在毒性效应、人为干扰的增强是否会通过电导率产生毒性作用,以及其他环境因子是否对电导率基准值的制定产生影响3个方面,探讨了基于野外数据建立我国电导率基准的可行性。研究区域为辽河流域的浑河及太子河,野外调查数据采集于2009年8月至2010年5月。研究结果表明,电导率的升高显著降低了大型底栖动物敏感物种的出现频率。通过分析研究区域土地利用方式同电导率之间的相关性,证明了农业和城镇建设用地比例的增加显著地增加了水体中电导率的数值。对有可能引起物种消失的其他环境因子进行分析,结果表明电导率是引起大型底栖动物消失的主要原因。综合以上结果,基于野外调查数据来建立大型底栖动物电导率基准值是可行的,为我国水质基准的研究提供了新的思路和方法。     

Strength and tightness evaluation method for pipe flange connections considering thermal effects

The pipe flange connection is widely applied in chemical, power plants, petrochemical, offshore oil and gas industries, and its strength and tightness are significant for the safe operation. However, there are still no practical and applicable strength and tightness evaluation methods for pipe flange connections working in dramatically varying temperatures. This paper proposed an approach to evaluate the pipeline's strength and sealing performance considering thermal effects in actual operating conditions by combining the experimental measurement and thermostructural analysis. The critical thermodynamic parameters are identified through measured temperature data in operating conditions, and then these parameters are used in the thermostructural analysis to obtain the actual temperature and stress fields. Then, the strength and tightness in complex temperature cases can be evaluated accurately. The pipe flange connection of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) fueling station is analyzed to verify the presented method's effectiveness. This method applies to evaluating the pipeline's strength and tightness and can predict the pipeline's performances under extreme temperatures using the tested data within the measurement range and the corresponding thermostructural analysis. Furthermore, the work in this paper also provides a reference for the design and analysis of pipe flange connections working in complex temperature conditions.     

基于BERT-BILSTM-CRF模型的电力行业事故文本智能分析*

为解决电力行业事故报告文本较长、语义复杂,难以进行有效文本识别问题,提出1种以BERT作为底层的预训练模型,并设计1种双重注意力机制编码器,结合BILSTM-CRF深度挖掘事故文本语义特征,从而实现文本智能分析。首先构建电力词典,通过对BERT预训练,进行BIO标注,然后引入BILSTM-CRF模型实现对文本标签智能分类,最后将该模型与现行其他4种深度学习模型进行对比。研究结果表明:该模型智能识别精确率、召回率及F1值(查准率)均达到约97%,较其他4种模型中效果最好的模型分别提高0.02,0.03,0.02。研究结果可为电力行业事故报告文本分析提供1种新思路。     

基于风险梯度的化工企业事故风险定量评估

为了定量分析区域内重大危险源所构成的风险,为事故风险防控提供科学依据,基于风险场理论对某区域内2家化工企业进行风险分析,得出2家企业所对应的风险值计算公式,并生成2家企业所对应的风险等值面和风险等值线;引入最速下降法,利用负梯度搜寻风险的最快下降方向,得出事故的最优风险降低路径.研究结果表明:甲企业中接近1/2的区域为...     

电场作用对不同藻菌体系处理猪场废水的强化机制研究

为解决猪场废水高色、高浊、高盐的水质特征对藻菌微生物体系处理效果的限制作用,采用电场处理与多种不同微藻/细菌(活性污泥)微生物体系处理相结合,考察了电场对微生物处理猪场废水的效果和生长状况的影响和作用机制.同时,通过对比微藻、微藻-活性污泥、活性污泥3种微生物体系对经电场处理养猪沼液中污染物去除效果及微生物生长情况,考察了电场处理对微生物处理效果的影响和作用.结果表明：电场对养猪沼液色度和浊度均有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为90.43%、99.69%;电场处理后的沼液再进行微生物处理可取得更优的处理效果,微生物对总氮和总磷的去除率最高分别为70.65%、67.30%.此外,微藻-活性污泥共生体系在污染物去除效果和生长状况方面均优于单一微生物体系.微藻-活性污泥体系最终叶绿素a含量为接种时的7.65倍,活性污泥生物量为接种时的1.51倍,远高于单一微生物体系.说明电场处理与微藻-活性污泥生物处理相结合,可以有效提高污染物去除效果,同时获得更多有价的生物质资源,实现更为可观的经济价值,具有广阔的应用潜力和发展前景.     

设施菜地土壤重金属累积及影响因素研究

为了解设施菜地土壤重金属累积规律及影响因,通过在全国8个省具有代表性的设施蔬菜产区采集土壤和肥料样品,系统研究了设施栽培年限、肥料施用、土壤性质对设施菜地土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd累积量及活度的影响.结果表明:与露天栽培相比,设施条件下随着栽培年限的延长,土壤Cu、Zn和Cd的全量和有效态浓度均呈明显的累积趋势,栽培年限>15a时的设施土壤Cu、Zn和Cd的全量和有效态浓度分别是露天栽培土壤的1.57、2.16、1.67、3.28、1.96、2.00倍.Pearson分析表明设施菜地土壤Cu、Zn、Cd均与土壤SOM呈极显著相关,说明其在来源上较强的相似性,进一步对设施栽培土壤主要投入品中Cu、Zn、Cd含量分析表明,猪粪、商品有机肥及土壤调理剂中Cu、Zn均超过了100mg/kg,Cd超过了1.0mg/kg,且投入量较大,是设施栽培土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd的主要贡献者,而秸秆和部分化肥(如尿素、硫酸钾)中的Cu、Zn、Cd含量均极低,对设施栽培土壤累积贡献微乎其微.pH值和CEC是影响Cu、Zn、Cd在土壤中累积活度的关键因素,其中随着pH值的升高土壤Cu活度表现了先升高后下降的趋势,而土壤Cd活度则表现了持续下降的趋势,仅在pH<6.26时达到了显著相关水平;土壤CEC的升高对土壤Cu活度表现了先下降后升高再下降的趋势,土壤Cd活度表现了先升高后缓慢下降再升高的趋势,而土壤Zn活度仅在CEC<5.83时随着CEC升高表现下降显著线性相关趋势.因此,防止设施栽培土壤Cu、Zn、Cd的累积与污染,选择重金属含量低的肥料和调控土壤理化特性(尤其是pH值、CEC)则是缓解设施栽培土壤重金属累积速率进而确保蔬菜质量安全的有效途径.