Biogenic volatile organic compound analyses by PTR-TOF-MS: Calibration,humidity effect and reduced electric field dependency

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) emitted by plants after stress or damage induction are a major part of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) is a high-resolution and sensitive technique for in situ GLV analyses, while its performance is dramatically influenced by humidity, electric field, etc. In this study the influence of gas humidity and the effect of reduced field (E/N) were examined in addition to measuring calibration curves for the GLVs. Calibration curves measured for seven of the GLVs in dry air were linear, with sensitivities ranging from 5 to 10 ncps/ppbv (normalized counts per second/parts per billion by volume). The sensitivities for most GLV analyses were found to increase by between 20% and 35% when the humidity of the sample gas was raised from 0% to 70% relative humidity (RH) at 21°C, with the exception of (E)-2-hexenol. Product ion branching ratios were also affected by humidity, with the relative abundance of the protonated molecular ions and higher mass fragment ions increasing with humidity. The effect of reduced field (E/N) on the fragmentation of GLVs was examined in the drift tube of the PTR-TOF-MS. The structurally similar GLVs are acutely susceptible to fragmentation following ionization and the fragmentation patterns are highly dependent on E/N. Overall the measured fragmentation patterns contain sufficient information to permit at least partial separation and identification of the isomeric GLVs by looking at differences in their fragmentation patterns at high and low E/N.     

施用畜禽粪便堆肥品的蔬菜地CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征

农田是重要的温室气体排放来源之一,其中蔬菜地的温室气体排放日益受到人们关注.以北京市郊某温室种植的油麦菜地为研究对象,通过大棚试验,考察和比较了油麦菜地施用不同类型畜禽粪便堆肥产品的CH4、N2O和NH3排放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,油麦菜地NRM、RM、CF处理的CH4排放系数分别为0.2%、0.027%、0.004%;N2O排放系数分别为0.18%、0.63%、0.74%;NH3排放系数分别为2.00%、3.98%、2.53%.CH4排放通量与土壤温度和地表湿度相关,N2O排放通量与土壤温度、地表温度和湿度相关,CH4、N2O和NH3排放通量均受土壤含水率影响,而温室中的气温不是影响CH4、N2O和NH3排放的主要因素.     

Protonated acetone ion chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for real-time measurement of atmospheric ammonia

Ammonia (NH₃) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, it can affect the formation of secondary aerosols and particulate matter, and cause soil eutrophication through sedimentation. Currently, the use of radioactive primary reagent ion source and the humidity interference on the sensitivity and stability are the two major issues faced by chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) in the analysis of atmospheric ammonia. In this work, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) Kr lamp was used to replace the radioactive source, and acetone was ionized under atmospheric pressure to obtain protonated acetone reagent ions to ionize ammonia. The ionization source is designed as a separated three-zone structure, and even 90 vol.% high-humidity samples can still be directly analyzed with a sensitivity of sub-ppbv. A signal normalization processing method was designed, and with this new method, the quantitative relative standard deviation (RSD) of the instrument was decreased from 17.5% to 9.1%, and the coefficient of determination was increased from 0.8340 to 0.9856. The humidity correction parameters of the instrument were calculated from different humidity, and the ammonia concentrations obtained under different humidity were converted to its concentration under zero humidity condition with these correction parameters. The analytical time for a single sample is only 60 sec, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 8.59 pptv (signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3). The ambient measurement made in Qingdao, China, in January 2021 with this newly designed CIMS, showed that the concentration of ammonia ranged from 1 to 130 ppbv.     

湖南地区不同集约化栽培模式下双季稻稻田CH4和N2O的排放规律

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了湖南双季稻稻田不施氮(NN)、当地常规(FP)、高产高效(YE)、再高产(HY)、再高效(HE)5种不同栽培模式下温室气体(CH4、N2O)的排放规律.结果表明:水稻生长季CH4累积排放量变化为(206.5±37.5) kg· hm-2(FP,早稻)～(490.5±65.7) kg·hm-2(HE,晚稻),N2O-N累积排放量变化为(0.08±0.05) kg·hm-2(NN,早稻)～(0.326±0.15) kg·hm-2(HY,晚稻).不同栽培模式对CH4和N2O的排放都有显著影响(p＜0.05).HE模式CH4排放显著高于其他模式62％～ 87％(p＜0.05),尤其是晚稻季节;除NN模式外,其他4种模式间N2O排放差异不显著.冬季休闲期也是CH4和N2O排放的重要时期,分别占全年排放量的9.7％～19.7％和42％～ 62％.CH4主导了稻田不同栽培模式下的综合温室效应,在各模式中均占95％以上.施氮肥提高了作物产量,降低了温室气体强度(GHGI).在5种模式中,YE和HY模式温室气体强度较小,HY模式下仅为(0.97±0.16) kg·kg-1(以每kg产量排放的CO2当量计).因此,与FP模式相比,YE和HY模式既能提高产量和氮肥利用率,也能减缓温室效应;但HE模式排放的温室气体较高,在实际应用前尚需进一步研究.     

印染污泥混燃特性及其燃烧动力学模型

采集了广东某印染污泥(YR)、造纸污泥(ZZ)及两种市政污水污泥(LJ、KFQ),利用热重法对不同来源污泥的单一及混合样在不同焚烧条件下进行了热重实验研究,并通过TG-DTG曲线计算了各试样的综合燃烧特性指数,获得了其燃烧动力学参数.结果表明,各单一试样的燃烧主要分为水分析出、挥发分析出、固定碳燃烧和残留物的燃烧和分解4个燃烧阶段,其中挥发分的析出制约着YR、KFQ、LJ污泥的整个燃烧过程,而ZZ污泥还受到固定碳燃烧阶段的显著影响.当向印染污泥中加入50%的KFQ市政污泥后,YR污泥的综合燃烧特性指数和可燃性指数分别提高了将近2倍和1.6倍.富氧(CO2/O2)燃烧可以提高印染污泥的后期燃烧强度,降低印染污泥燃烧阶段活化能,促进印染污泥的综合燃烧性能.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各燃烧阶段反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数,发现第一挥发分峰前取反应级数n=0.5、峰后n=2,可描述各自阶段的燃烧反应机理,而第二挥发分峰没有显著规律.     

猪粪化肥配施对双季稻田CH4和N2O排放及其全球增温潜势的影响

以湖南典型红壤双季稻田系统为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了水稻生长季基肥配施猪粪条件下CH4和N2O的排放特征,并估算了排放的CH4和N2O的全球增温潜势(GWP).结果表明,与施用化肥处理相比,猪粪化肥配施对稻田CH4和N2O排放的季节变化模式无明显影响,但影响其排放量大小.两个稻季,猪粪替代50%化学氮肥处理(1/2N+PM)CH4累积排放量较不施氮肥处理(0N)、50%化学氮肥处理(1/2N)、100%化学氮肥处理(N)分别提高54.83%、33.85%和43.30%(P<0.05);1/2N+PM处理N2O累积排放量较N处理显著降低67.50%,较0N处理、1/2N处理分别提高129.43%、119.23%(P<0.05).水稻生长季CH4是GWP的主要贡献者,占CH4和N2O综合GWP的99%以上.1/2N+PM处理的GWP显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),且1/2N+PM处理单位产量GWP最高,较N处理、1/2N处理、0N处理分别提高58.21%、26.82%、20.63%.因此,双季稻田猪粪替代部分化学氮肥较全部施用化学氮肥增加了双季稻田CH4和N2O排放的综合温室效应,其对温室气体排放的影响需在区域温室气体排放清单中加以考虑.     

竹炭和猪炭对空心菜-小青菜轮作土壤N2O和CO2排放的影响

以动物源的猪炭和植物源的竹炭为试验材料,通过田间小区试验,研究生物质炭的种类(竹炭和猪炭)、施用方式(一次施用和分批施用)对空心菜-小青菜轮作土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响,结果表明:空心菜季土壤N_2O和CO_2排放显著高于小青菜季,土壤N_2O和CO_2排放与土壤pH、温度呈显著相关(p0.01).与不施炭对照相比,竹炭处理可使两季空心菜和小青菜土壤N_2O累积排放量减少16.9%~39.9%,同时CO_2排放量减少9.2%~15.7%,且一次施用处理优于分批施用.猪炭处理在土壤N_2O减排效果上没有竹炭显著,且一次性施用猪炭处理明显增加了两茬空心菜土壤CO_2排放量,与对照相比,分别增加了13.3%和12.9%.与猪炭相比,一次性施用20 t·hm~(-2)竹炭处理在抑制土壤N_2O和CO_2排放上效果更佳.     

昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N2O排放通量,研究昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明,增温没有改变大豆田土壤N2O排放通量的季节性变化规律.整个生长季,与对照相比,增温土壤N2O平均排放通量增加了17.31%(P=0.019),累积排放量显著增加了20.27%(P=0.005).对照与增温处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温湿度均呈显著性相关关系,对照与增温土壤的N2O排放温度敏感系数分别为3.75和4.10.整个生育期,增温显著增加了植株地上和总生物量、叶片硝酸还原酶活性和全氮含量,显著降低了叶片NO3--N含量;显著增加了土壤NO3--N含量,但对土壤有机碳及全氮含量没有显著影响.本研究表明,昼夜增温显著增加了大豆田土壤N2O的排放.     

地表臭氧浓度升高对旱作农田N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,在冬小麦和大豆生长季设置3种不同臭氧(O3)浓度的处理,包括自由空气(对照,CK)、100 n L·L-1O3浓度(T1)和150 n L·L-1O3浓度(T2),采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N2O排放通量,研究地表O3浓度升高对冬小麦-大豆轮作系统N2O排放的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,在冬小麦返青期,T1和T2处理都降低了土壤-冬小麦系统N2O累积排放量,降幅分别为37.8%(P=0.000)和8.8%(P=0.903);在拔节-孕穗期,T1和T2处理使N2O累积排放量分别降低了15.0%(P=0.217)和39.1%(P=0.000);从冬小麦全生育期来看,T1、T2的N2O累积排放量分别降低了18.9%(P=0.138)和25.6%(P=0.000).由于本年度大豆生长季降水偏少,受干旱胁迫的影响,O3浓度升高对大豆田N2O排放的作用不明显.本研究表明地表O3浓度升高会减少旱作农田N2O排放量.     

农田土壤施用系列新型氮肥后气态氮(NH3和N2O)减排效果比较:以夏玉米季为例

为了解不同品种新型氮肥相对常规施肥其氨(NH3)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)的减排效果,本文通过田间原位试验同步研究了夏玉米生长季氮肥施用后的农田NH_3挥发和N_2O排放及其主要驱动因子.以常规施肥(复合肥+尿素,CK)为对照,设置了5个肥料处理,分别为脲铵氮肥(UA)、稳定性复合肥料(UHD)、硫包衣氮肥(SCU)、脲甲醛复合肥(UF)和有机肥(OF),施氮量(以N计)均为300 kg·hm~(-2).相关分析结果表明,氨挥发和N_2O排放受环境因子影响,均与土壤WFPS呈显著负相关(P0.05),N_2O排放还与土壤硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01).进一步回归分析表明,N_2O排放(F_(N_2O))主要取决于土壤硝态氮(x)含量的变化,而氨挥发(F_(NH_3))主要取决于土壤铵态氮(x)含量的变化.与CK相比,除了UA,其它肥料处理都降低了土壤的氨挥发,尤其是UF和OF处理减少了37%~43%.但对于N_2O排放,所有处理与CK皆无显著差异.进一步计算每种处理氨挥发和N_2O的气态氮损失总量,与CK相比,UHD、SCU、UF和OF分别减排了9%、5%、30%和23%,而UA增加了3%.     

保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

为研究保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响,在前茬进行常规耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、常规耕作+秸秆施用(TS)这4种处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法分析土壤CO2和N2O排放通量.结果表明,保护性耕作没有改变后茬土壤CO2和N2O排放的季节性规律,对冬小麦生物量无明显影响;保护性耕作显著减少了土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量.与T相比,TS、NT、NTS的全生育期土壤CO2累积排放量分别降低了5.95%(P=0.132)、12.94%(P=0.007)和13.91%(P=0.004),土壤N2O累积排放量分别减少了31.23%(P=0.000)、61.29%(P=0.000)和33.08%(P=0.000).本研究表明免耕与秸秆施用能减少后茬作物生长季土壤的CO2和N2O排放量.     

人金属硫蛋白基因(MT1E)在毕赤酵母中的表达及其铬抗性

金属硫蛋白(Metallothionein,MT)是一类富含半胱氨酸的蛋白质,巯基含量丰富,其半胱氨酸上的巯基对重金属离子有极强的结合力,能够结合重金属形成无毒或低毒的络合物,具有重金属解毒的功能.本文根据已公布的人金属硫蛋白基因MT1E序列,用Vector NTI 7.0软件设计合成12条寡聚核苷酸片段,并拼接得到MT1E完整基因.将测序正确的MT1E基因克隆至酵母表达载体pPIC9K,酶切验证后的阳性克隆命名为pPIC9K-MT1E,含有该重组基因的毕赤酵母工程菌命名为GS115/pPIC9K-MT1E.通过酶联免疫(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,ELISA)方法检测到GS115/pPIC9K-MT1E工程菌发酵液有金属硫蛋白酶活性,表明人金属硫蛋白MT1E基因能在毕赤酵母GS115菌株中正确分泌表达.铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)重金属抗性分析表明,工程菌GS115/pPIC9K-MT1E对Cr(Ⅵ)的抗性较强,有解毒重金属Cr(Ⅵ)的能力.     

The presence of Genogroup II Norovirus in Retail Shellfish from Seven Coastal Cities in China

Noroviruses (NoVs) are commonly occurring pathogens that cause gastroenteritis. Outbreaks of viral diseases have often been ascribed to the consumption of contaminated shellfish. Our objective was to evaluate the presence and contamination levels of NoV in shellfish sold at seafood markets in China. We tested 840 shellfish samples (Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus edulis, Azumapecten farreri, SinoNoVacula constricta, Scapharca subcrenata, Ruditapes philippinarum) that were collected from seven cities around the Yellow and Bohai Seas in China between December 2009 and November 2011. We used real-time RT-PCR to detect NoV in purified concentrates from the stomach and digestive diverticula of these shellfish. NoV was detected in 19.35 % (N = 155), 16.67 % (N = 114), 5.70 % (N = 158), 8.82 % (N = 136), 13.74 % (N = 131), and 16.44 % (N = 146) of oyster, mussel, scallop, razor clam, ark shell, and clam samples, respectively. The average detection rate was 13.33 % (112/840). Nucleotide sequencing of the NoV RT-PCR products demonstrated that all strains belonged to NoV genotype GII.12, except two that belonged to GI.3. More than 10² copies of the NoV genome were detected in 69 of 112 positive shellfish samples. Our results suggest that ~13 % of shellfish harbor NoV, and GII.12 NoV is the primary strain in shellfish purchased at markets in seven coastal cities in China.     

Oxidation of organic substances in aqueous solutions over Ru catalysts by oxygen

The catalytic performance of supported Ru catalysts has been studied in the reactions of wet oxidation of acetonitrile, N,N-dimethyl formamide and carbamide at T=433–533 K and P=2.0–4.6 MPa, and wet oxidation of real sewage from an alcohol plant (so-called Luther water) at T=403–473 K and P=1.5–3.6 MPa. The Luther water contained a mixture of low-boiling (C₁–C₅) aldehydes and alcohols. The experiments were carried out in a perfectly mixed batch autoclave reactor. The conversion of alcohols and aldehydes contained in the Luther water and selectivity of the process towards CO₂ and water as well as the selectivity of the oxidation of acetonitrile, N,N-dimethyl formamide and carbamide towards CO₂, N₂ and water were determined at various temperatures and reaction times. Ru (4.8 wt.%)/graphite-like carbon was effective in the oxidation of Luther water (ΔTOC=97.5% at T=423 K for 1 h), carbamide (X_CO(NH2)2=100%, S_{CO(NH2)2→CO2}=100%, S_{CO(NH2)2→N2}=71% at 473 K, 2 h) and acetonitrile (X_CH3CN=100%, S_CH3CN→CO2=100%, S_CH3CN→N2=75% at 493 K, 1 h). Ru/active carbon/γ-Al₂O₃ was effective in the oxidation of N,N-dimethyl formamide (X_HCON(CH3)2=100%, S_{HCON(CH3)2→CO2}=61%, S_{HCON(CH3)2→N2}=100% at 493 K).     

山地型城市冬季大气重污染过程特征及成因分析

以阳泉市2018年12月26日~2019年1月20日发生的典型大气重污染过程为例,研究了山地型城市冬季大气重污染过程特征及成因.结果表明,重污染发生时段首要污染物为PM_2.5,水溶性离子和碳质组分是PM_2.5主要组分,其中二次离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺是主要水溶性离子成分（共占离子组分的87.7%）,二次有机碳（SOC）是碳质组分的主要成分（71.6%）.二次离子在重污染发生时的浓度较发生前增加5.3倍,是导致PM_2.5快速增长的重要组分.气象条件分析显示,PM_2.5及其主要组分皆与相对湿度呈显著正相关关系而与风速呈显著负相关,随相对湿度增加以及平均风速降低,污染程度逐渐加重.山地型城市相对湿度较高、温度变化幅度大等气象特征使二次污染物的生成加快,是导致PM_2.5污染程度快速加重的主要原因.另外,山地型城市相对封闭的地形导致的平均风速降低使得大气污染物扩散条件相对较差是污染物累积的原因之一.PMF模型解析结果为：二次源（46.0%）对PM_2.5贡献显著,其次为燃煤源（32.6%）、机动车源（19.8%）和扬尘源（1.6%）.因此,山地型城市更应该重视对二次组分,特别是二次离子形成的前体物的管控.     

Evaluation of joint toxicity of heavy metals and herbicide mixtures in soils to earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

It is widely acknowledged that a simplified and robust approach to evaluating thecombined effects of chemical mixtures is critical for ecological risk assessment (ERA) of contaminated soil. The earthworm (Eisenia fetida) was used as a model to study the combined effects of polymetallic contamination and the herbicide siduron in field soil using a microcosm experiment. The responses of multiple biomarkers, including the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE), the concentrations of glycogen, soluble protein (SP), malonaldehyde (MDA), and metallothionein (MT), and the neutral red uptake test (NRU), were investigated. Multivariate analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Spearman's Rank Correlations analysis (BVSTEP) revealed that the activities of AChE and CAT and the NRU content were the prognostic biomarkers capturing the minimum data set of all the variables. Internal Cd (tissue Cd) in earthworms was closely related to the health status of worms under combined contamination of heavy metals and siduron. The integrated effect (E_mix) calculated based on the activities of AChE and CAT and NRU content using the stress index method had significantly linear regression with internal Cd (p<0.01). E_mix(10), E_mix(20), and E_mix(50) were then calculated, at 1.27, 1.63 and 2.71 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. It could be concluded that a bioassay-based approach incorporating multivariate analysis and internal dose was pragmatic and applicable to evaluating combined effects of chemical mixtures in soils under the guidance of the top-down evaluation concept of combined toxicity.     

An intensive study on aerosol optical properties and affecting factors in Nanjing, China

The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November 2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average scattering and absorption coefficients(B sca and B abs) were 375.7 ± 209.5 and 41.6 ± 18.7 Mm~(-1), respectively. Higher ?ngstr?m absorption and scattering exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller particles. Relative humidity(RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction. High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was 1.8 ± 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%.Light absorption was enhanced by organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and EC coatings,with contributions of 26%, 44% and 75%(532 nm), respectively. The B sca and B abs increased with increasing N_(100)(number concentration of PM_(2.5)with diameter above 100 nm), PM_1 surface concentration and PM_(2.5)mass concentration with good correlation.     

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from an integrated rainfed rice–fish farming system of Eastern India

Integration of fish stocking with rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation promises an ecologically sound and environmentally viable management of flooded ecosystem. Rice agriculture contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases CH₄ and N₂O, but little is known on the effect of fish rearing in fields planted to rice on the emission of these two greenhouse gases. In a field study, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were measured from a sub-humid tropical rice field of Cuttack, eastern India, as affected by integrated rice–fish farming under rainfed lowland conditions. Three Indian major carps, Catla catla H., Labeo rohita H. and Cirrhinus mrigala H., and Puntius gonionotus B. were stocked in rice fields planted to two rice cultivars in a split-plot design with no fish and fish as the main treatments and two rice varieties as sub-treatments with three replicates each. Fish rearing increased CH₄ emission from field plots planted to both the rice cultivars with 112% increase in CH₄ emission in cv. Varshadhan and 74% in case of cv. Durga. On the contrary, fish stocking reduced N₂O emission from field plots planted to both the rice varieties. Movement of fish and associated bioturbation coupled with higher dissolved organic-C and CH₄ contents, and lower dissolved oxygen could be the reasons for release of larger quantities of CH₄ from rice + fish plots, while higher dissolved oxygen content might have influenced release of more N₂O from the rice alone treatment. The total greenhouse gas emission, expressed as CO₂ equivalent global warming potential (GWP), was considerably higher from rice + fish plots with CH₄ contributing a larger share (91%) as compared to rice alone plots (78–81%). On the contrary, N₂O had a comparatively lesser contribution with 19–22% share in rice alone plots that was further reduced to 9% in rice + fish plots. However, considering the profit-loss analysis based on the market price of the produce, rice–fish system provided a net profit of $453.36 ha^?1 over rice alone system in spite of higher carbon credit compliance of a rice–fish ecosystem due to larger cumulative GWP.     

UV/H2O2降解羟苯甲酮反应动力学及影响因素

有机防晒剂随着日常使用不断进入环境中,成为一类新兴污染物.考察了UV/H2O2工艺对典型有机防晒剂羟苯甲酮(BP-3)的水相光化学降解特征,并对BP-3降解反应的影响因素包括初始BP-3浓度、H2O2浓度、UV光强、共存阳离子和阴离子、叔丁醇和腐殖酸投加量等进行了研究.结果表明,BP-3的降解速率常数随初始BP-3浓度升高而降低,随着H2O2浓度增大而增高,随着UV光强增强而增大;阴离子会在一定程度上降低反应速率,阳离子中Fe3+会产生类芬顿反应,促进生成·OH,对降解反应有显著的促进作用,投加叔丁醇和腐殖酸皆会抑制降解反应进行.采用每一对数减小级电能输入(EEo)指标对UV/H2O2工艺的电能利用效率进行了评价,Fe3+的加入显著减小了EEo.研究不同因素对UV/H2O2工艺降解效果的影响,可对实际工程中采用UV/H2O2去除苯甲酮类有机防晒剂提供参考.     

Ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions following land application of high and low nitrogen pig manures to winter wheat at three growth stages

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) and ammonia (NH₃) emissions from surface applied high (HN) and low (LN) nitrogen pig manures were measured under field conditions. Manures were band-spread to a winter wheat crop at three growth stages—mid-tillering, stem elongation and flag leaf emergence. The N₂O flux rates were measured using the static chamber technique while NH₃ volatilisation was assessed using a micrometeorological mass balance technique with passive flux samplers. The N₂O emissions were episodic in nature with flux rates observed ranging from 2.8 to 31.5 g N₂O–N ha^?1 day^?1 (P < 0.001). Higher N₂O emissions generally occurred after rainfall events. Highest N₂O losses were observed from the HN treatment with LN manure use decreasing emissions by 18% (P < 0.03). The NH₃ volatilisation rates were highest within 1 h of manure application with 95% of emissions occurring within 24 h (P < 0.001). Cumulative N loss was highest at mid-tillering as low crop canopy cover and increased wind-speeds enhanced NH₃ loss (P < 0.001). Highest emissions were measured from the HN manure (P < 0.03). Total ammoniacal N loss ranged from 6 to 11%. Crop N uptake and grain yield were unaffected by application timing or manure type. Therefore, the use of LN manures decreased gaseous emissions of N₂O and NH₃ without any adverse effects on crop performance.