高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地下水中稀土元素

采用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地下水中14种稀土元素,并选择Rh作内标,可消除测定中的质谱干扰和非质谱干扰,使方法在0μg/L~100μg/L范围内线性良好。方法检出限为0.002μg/L~0.005μg/L,实际水样的加标回收率为80.0%~117%,RSD为2.1%~3.8%。     

Collaborative Modeling for Decision Support in Water Resources: Principles and Best Practices

Collaborative Modeling for Decision Support integrates collaborative modeling with participatory processes to inform natural resources decisions. Practitioners and advocates claim that the approach will lead to better water management, balancing interests more effectively and reducing the likelihood of costly legal delays. These claims are easy to make, but the benefits will only be realized if the process is conducted effectively. To provide guidance for how to conduct an effective collaborative modeling process, a task committee cosponsored by the Environmental Water Resources Institute (EWRI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers and by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Institute for Water Resources developed a set of Principles and Best Practices for anyone who might convene or conduct collaborative modeling processes. The guidance is intended for both conflict resolution professionals and modelers, and our goal is to integrate these two fields in a way that will improve water resources planning and decision making. Here, the set of eight principles is presented along with a selection of associated best practices, illustrated by two different case examples. The complete document is available at: http://www.computeraideddisputeresolution.us/bestpractices/ .     

Application of game theory for a groundwater conflict in Mexico

Exploitation of scarce water resources, particularly in areas of high demand, inevitably produces conflict among disparate stakeholders, each of whom may have their own set of priorities. In order to arrive at a socially acceptable compromise, the decision-makers should seek an optimal trade-off between conflicting objectives that reflect the priorities of the various stakeholders. In this study, game theory was applied to a multiobjective conflict problem for the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District, located in the state of Guanajuato in Mexico, where economic benefits from agricultural production should be balanced with associated negative environmental impacts. The short period of rainfall in this area, combined with high groundwater withdrawals from irrigation wells, has produced severe aquifer overdraft. In addition, current agricultural practices of applying high loads of fertilizers and pesticides have contaminated regions of the aquifer. The net economic benefit to this agricultural region in the short-term lies with increasing crop yields, which requires large pumping extractions for irrigation as well as high chemical loading. In the longer term, this can produce economic loss due to higher pumping costs (i.e., higher lift requirements), or even loss of the aquifer as a viable source of water. Negative environmental impacts include continued diminishment of groundwater quality, and declining groundwater levels in the basin, which can damage surface water systems that support environmental habitats. The two primary stakeholders or players, the farmers in the irrigation district and the community at large, must find an optimal balance between positive economic benefits and negative environmental impacts. In this paper, game theory was applied to find the optimal solution between the two conflicting objectives among 12 alternative groundwater extraction scenarios. Different attributes were used to quantify the benefits and costs of the two objectives, and, following generation of the Pareto frontier or trade-off curve, four conflict resolution methods were then applied.     

降雨时间分辨率对SWAT水文模拟的影响

分别基于13个雨量站的日降雨量和小时降雨量,在率水流域建立SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）水文模型,对基于不同降雨时间分辨率的SWAT模型进行独立的参数率定和验证,在此基础上分析降雨时间分辨率对率水流域SWAT模拟性能的影响.结果表明,降雨输入的时间分辨率对率水流域SWAT模型的水文模拟性能有显著影响.小时降雨输入SWAT模型的纳什系数（NSE）和决定系数（R²）在率定期分别为0.89、0.90,在验证期分别为0.86、0.88,均显著高于日降雨输入SWAT模型对应的模型评价统计量值.究其原因,小时降雨输入SWAT模型对于峰值流量的模拟要明显优于日降雨输入SWAT模型.建议应在不同气候与自然环境条件的流域内开展类似的降雨时间分辨率对水文模型模拟性能的影响研究.     

基于压差的二氧化碳垂直采样分析技术

本研究开发了一套基于直接采样技术的二氧化碳（CO₂）垂直廓线采样分析系统,分析近地面至25km高空CO₂浓度的垂直分布.系统通过压差实现垂直方向连续采样,利用CRDS高精度分析技术对不同高度样品进行定量分析,计算得到采样区域CO₂浓度廓线.于2018年6月13~14日,在内蒙古锡林浩特国家气候观象台利用平流层探空气球平台进行了观测实验.实验室测试显示,CO₂分析准确度优于0.06×10^-6,精度优于0.08×10^-6.外场实验获得区域近地面至25km高空CO₂浓度的高分辨率垂直廓线,显示CO₂在不同高度的分层结构.考虑不同高度样品扩散作用,系统垂直分辨率在10km高度以下优于580m,在10~20km高度优于3.3km.研究表明：分析系统可搭载在合适探空平台上进行CO₂垂直观测,获取浓度廓线,可为传输模式提供数据,并为碳卫星遥感数据提供实测数据校验.     

基于不同分辨率DEM的地形因子比较分析

地形因子的提取对水土流失、土地利用、土地资源评价、城市规划等方面的研究起着重要作用.目前地形因子的提取主要是基于DEM来完成的,而DEM的分辨率不同,所提取的地形因子的结果也不同.以化龙山为例,选择4种不同网格分辨率和地面坡度、坡向、平面曲率、剖面曲率4个地形因子作为分析因子,运用叠合比较和统计分析方法,研究地形因子随这4种分辨率DEM的变化规律.结果表明,DEM的分辨率越大,对地形的概括作用越明显,地形越趋近于平坦化.该研究是对前人研究的继续深化,通过对多因素的分析,旨在得到更加普遍的规律,为其他不同地貌的地形研究提供可借鉴的模式.     

高效藻类塘磷酸盐去除机理研究

从磷酸盐化学沉淀和藻类吸收两个方面探讨了高效藻类塘中磷酸盐的去除机理。首先通过化学沉淀及其解析解释了高效藻类塘中pH与磷酸盐浓度昼夜变化规律；其次测定了pH=7．5时藻类对磷酸盐的日均吸收速率；最后对高效藻类塘中磷酸盐浓度的变化规律进行了总结。     

Multiattribute Utility Analysis as a Framework for Public Participation in Siting a Hazardous Waste Management Facility

This paper describes a public participation exercise in which stakeholders used an approach based on multiattribute utility analysis to select a site for a hazardous waste management facility. The key to success was the ability to separate and address two types of judgments inherent in environmental decisions—technical judgments regarding the likely consequences of alternative choices and value judgments regarding the importance or seriousness of those consequences. The approach enabled technical specialists to communicate the essential technical considerations and allowed stakeholders to establish the value judgments for the decision. Although rarely used in public participation, the multiattribute utility approach appears to provide a useful framework for the collaborative resolution of complex environmental decision problems.     

Desire to Bargain and Negotiation Success: Lessons About the Need to Negotiate from Six Hydropower Disputes

/ We investigated the notion that successful negotiations require that all parties to the dispute must have a desire to bargain. This desire is most likely to be present when the dispute exhibits ripeness and each party believes a bargained solution is the most cost-effective way to resolve differences. Structured interviews of participants in six Federal Energy Regulatory Commission hydropower licensing consultations were conducted to determine the level of need to negotiate for each party. The findings indicate that a need to negotiate is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for success. Several factors were associated with a need to negotiate: a weak BATNA (best alternative to a negotiated agreement); a salient issue; participants' sense of efficacy; a sense of inevitability; professional roles encouraging negotiation; and disputes about facts as opposed to disputes about values. Participants' need to negotiate fluctuated throughout the process and intensified when questions were ripe: i.e., critical issues were debated or the regulatory process required action.KEY WORDS: Alternative dispute resolution; Federal licenses; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; Instream flow; Environmental planning     

上海大气总悬浮颗粒物中金属的可溶性特征

大气颗粒物中金属的可溶性对于评估金属的生物可利用性和环境迁移性具有重要意义.采集上海大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱,测定经微循环淋溶提取的金属水、酸(p H=2)可溶含量,并计算水、酸溶解度.结果表明,大气TSP中金属的溶出是一个快速过程,仅需几分钟就达到溶解度最大值.Co、Cr和Cd的可溶含量较低,V、Ni、Cu处于中间,Fe、Al、Zn、Mn和Mg较高.结合大气后向轨迹分析,金属可溶含量受到气团来源的显著影响.多种金属的水、酸溶解度差异性较大,Fe水溶解度最小仅为2.0%,其次为Al、Cr、V、Pb、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Mn、Mg和Zn.金属溶解度随溶剂p H值的减小而增大.元素本身性质是影响金属溶解度的内在原因,且金属的离子势与水溶解度呈一定的负相关性.