成都市大气细颗粒物组成和污染特征分析(2012-2013年)

为了解成都市大气细颗粒物的污染特征,于2012年5月-2013年5月在成都市城区开展了每6 d采集1次样品的长期颗粒物观测.利用十万分之一分析天平、热光碳分析仪、离子色谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分别分析了颗粒物样品的质量浓度、有机碳/元素碳、水溶性离子、无机元素等,同步收集了污染物在线观测数据、气象数据和卫星遥感数据.结果表明,采样期间,成都市可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)和细粒子(PM_2.5)浓度颗粒物浓度分别高达(129.7±76.4)和(91.6±54.3) μg·m^-3,PM_2.5中以二次无机离子(SNA,43.6%)和有机物(OM,31.2%)污染最为突出,其次为土壤组分(Soil,13.8%)、元素碳(EC,5.0%)和微量元素(Trace,0.8%);1月、3月、5月和10月是污染较重的月份.通过比较揭示了不同污染源影响下的典型污染特征.生物质燃烧期间,成都城区PM_2.5浓度达214.3 μg·m^-3,PM_2.5/PM₁₀比达0.89,其中OM贡献增加至57.2%,K⁺浓度达8.7 μg·m^-3,OC/EC比达8.3,SNA比重下降;而沙尘传输期间,PM_2.5浓度为122.6 μg·m^-3,仅占PM₁₀浓度的0.28,PM_2.5中土壤组分比例剧增至77.3%,SNA和无机元素的比重明显下降;静稳天气下PM_2.5浓度为261.0 μg·m^-3,各组分比重并无明显变化,硝酸盐和铵盐比例稍有增加.     

Environmental bonds and the challenge of long-term carbon sequestration

The potential to capture carbon from industrial sources and dispose of it for the long-term, known as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), is widely recognized as an important option to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions. Specifically, CCS has the potential to provide emissions cuts sufficient to stabilize greenhouse gas levels, while still allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels. In addition, CCS is both technologically-feasible and commercially viable compared with alternatives with the same emissions profile. Although the concept appears to be solid from a technical perspective, initial public perceptions of the technology are uncertain. Moreover, little attention has been paid to developing an understanding of the social and political institutional infrastructure necessary to implement CCS projects. In this paper we explore a particularly dicey issue--how to ensure adequate long-term monitoring and maintenance of the carbon sequestration sites. Bonding mechanisms have been suggested as a potential mechanism to reduce these problems (where bonding refers to financial instruments used to ensure regulatory or contractual commitments). Such mechanisms have been successfully applied in a number of settings (e.g., to ensure court appearances, completion of construction projects, and payment of taxes). The paper examines the use of bonding to address environmental problems and looks at its possible application to nascent CCS projects. We also present evidence on the use of bonding for other projects involving deep underground injection of materials for the purpose of long-term storage or disposal.     

Dynamics of Policy Networks. The Case of Organic Farming Policy in the Czech Republic

To better understand the potential for successful and long-term establishment of environmental policy, the aim of this paper is to explore the network dynamics of a policy field that has become well established in the EU: organic farming. We look at the dynamics of the organic farming policy network in the Czech Republic over a period of 10 years by applying a comparative formal network analysis. We focused in particular on the distribution of power between actors and how capacities of policy actors have evolved between 2004 (its year of accession to the EU) and 2014. We conclude that the organic farming policy network in the Czech Republic has been highly dynamic and has changed from one that was decidedly influenced by organic sector organizations to a network centralized around the Ministry of Agriculture. However, the organic farming organization managed to maintain its good reputation for competence in organic farming policy, which creates opportunities for the organization to remain active in the policy debate.     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅰ. 作物产量

在辽宁西部褐土上历时10 a的田间试验结果表明：氮肥对提高作物产量效果最好，平均增产率50%，平均每千克 N增产粮食21 kg。供试褐土富磷，试验前3 a施磷肥不显增产作用，之后增产明显，10 a平均增产率10.9%，平均每千克 P增产粮食47 kg。供试褐土富钾，连续10 a施钾肥不显增产作用。 在施用化肥基础上每年以60%收获产品直接堆腐回田，可比对应的化肥处理分别增产（10 a平均）40.6%（无肥对照）、19.5%（N肥基础）、12.1%（NP肥）和8.1%（NPK肥），平均年增产粮食（混合、烘干）分别为1.54、1.08、0.79、0.52 t/hm2。养分循环再利用的作物增产效益在试验的10 a中有着逐年增长的趋势，表明以堆肥形式循环回田养分的作物增产作用有着明显的残效叠加效应。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土磷素积累与形态分异的影响

通过红壤性水稻土19a肥料长期定位试验，结果表明，不施磷处理的土壤磷素处于耗竭状态，耕层土壤全磷含量持续下降，但耕层以下土层的全磷尚未耗损；连年施磷的土壤耕层全磷含量提高，提高的幅度呈现明显量级关系。在本试验条件下，土壤中各组分无机磷含量以Fe-P和O-P为主体，各占土壤无机磷总量的44.63％和31.27％；其次是A1-P和Ca     

Evaluating long-term urban resilience through an examination of the history of green spaces in Tokyo

Long-term urban resilience requires urban systems with the capacity to respond to change and disturbance and to enhance the conditions for lasting wellbeing. Over the past century Tokyo has demonstrated impressive resilience, especially a capacity to reorganise and rebuild in response to successive major disturbances. Throughout these recoveries, the city-region maintained a focus on re-establishing, improving and maintaining international competitiveness through industrial development. Green spaces in Tokyo provided a flexible, but gradually disappearing resource. Today, to meet the needs of its ageing and minimally expanding population for enhanced wellbeing, Tokyo requires active transition planning covering many intertwined factors, but the adaptive capacity provided by the green space resource is no longer available. The Tokyo case underscores the risk inherent in the depletion of non-renewable resources (in this instance, green space) to secure immediate recovery and accommodate growth and short-term resilience at the expense of long-term resilience.     

A TREATISE ON THE USE OF EXPECTED VALUES IN WATER RESOURCE PROJECT EVALUATION1

This paper focuses on two factors that influence the acceptability of the expected value criterion as a method of handling risk or uncertainty in decision-making where damages from unusual physical occurrences such as hurricanes or floods must be considered. These are the length of time of project existence and the problem of obtaining accurate estimates of the probability of occurrence for different sizes of natural disasters. The problem of estimating accurate probabilities of occurrence for different sizes of natural disasters is not as great as it might appear and in most situations will not defeat the usefulness of the method. The time span during which the project is expected to exist has greater implications for the usefulness of the expected value approach appears highly applicable. However, it becomes less applicable for projects that are short-term in nature. The basis for distinguishing between short- and long-term projects is presented.     

长期定位施肥田土壤酶活性的动态变化特征

为探讨长期施肥条件下玉米生育期内土壤酶活性的动态变化及其与土壤肥力的关系,该文对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤酶以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析.结果表明.土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰.土壤脲酶在玉米拔节期及成熟期出现两个活性高峰,土壤蔗糖酶在整个玉米生育期内活性变化幅度较小.长期施肥能明显提高土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性,其中有机肥与化肥配施对于增加土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性尤为显著.长期施肥降低土壤中过氧化氢酶活性.并且以NPK配施有机肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶活性降低幅度最大.土壤酶之问及其与土壤养分因子之间具有明显相关性,其中蔗糖酶、脲酶及磷酸酶与土壤养分各因子均呈显著或极显著正相关,除碱解氮外,过氧化氢酶与其余各养分因子呈显著或极显著负相关.