A/O生物脱氮工艺处理生活污水中试(一)短程硝化反硝化的研究

应用A/O生物脱氮中试试验装置处理实际生活污水,从pH、污泥浓度(MLSS)、自由氨(FA)、温度、污泥龄(SRT)、溶解氧(DO)和水力停留时间(HRT)等方面系统的分析了A/O工艺实现短程硝化反硝化的主要影响因素.结果表明,DO浓度是A/O工艺实现短程硝化反硝化的主要因素,由FISH检测发现长期控制低DO浓度(0.3～0.7 mg·L-1)可以导致亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的淘洗,从而实现稳定的亚硝酸盐积累率,试验获得平均亚硝酸氮积累率为85%,有时甚至超过95%.提高DO浓度,1周内亚硝酸氮积累率从85%降到10%,继续维持低DO浓度,大约需要2个污泥龄时间才可重新恢复到较高的亚硝酸氮积累率(＞75%).低DO浓度下,试验初期污泥沉淀性能随着亚硝酸氮积累率的增加而变差,而在试验后期,无论亚硝酸氮积累率多高,污泥沉淀性能一直很好,SVI值处于80～120 mL·g-1     

辽宁中部城市群大气污染分布及典型重污染的成因

通过分析2002年辽宁中部城市群的大气污染分布状况,将1月17~19日作为典型污染日,分析其污染状况及对应的气象条件,得出该地区典型重污染的气象条件是:风速小,日均风速小于2m/s,且都是局地风的影响;逆温严重,贴地逆温持续的时间长,大约持续到中午11时左右,逆温层的厚度大,5个城市逆温层的平均厚度大约在550~600 m,逆温层的强度大,5个城市的强度大约在0.9℃/hm~2.6℃/hm之间变化;从天气形势上来看,该地区冬季典型污染日主要受长白山小高压及东北地形槽的影响,大气状态非常稳定。     

Urban sharing in smart cities: the cases of Berlin and London

ABSTRACT

Addressing urban sustainability challenges requires changes in the way systems of provision and services are designed, organised and delivered. In this context, two promising phenomena have gained interest from the academia, the public sector and the media: “smart cities” and “urban sharing”. Smart cities rely on the extensive use of information and communications technology (ICT) to increase efficiencies in urban areas, while urban sharing builds on the collaborative use of idling resources enabled by ICT in densely populated cities. The concepts have many similar features and share common goals, yet cities with smart city agendas often fail to take a stance on urban sharing. Thus, its potentials are going largely unnoticed by local governments. This article addresses this issue by exploring cases of London and Berlin – two ICT-dense cities with clearly articulated smart city agendas and an abundance of sharing platforms. Drawing on urban governance literature, we develop a conceptual framework that specifies the roles that cities assume when governing urban sharing: city as regulator, city as provider, city as enabler and city as consumer. We find that both cities indirectly support urban sharing through smart agenda programmes, which aim to facilitate ICT-enabled technical innovation and emergence of start-ups. However, programmes, strategies, support schemes and regulations aimed directly at urban sharing initiatives are few. We also find that Berlin is sceptical towards urban sharing organisations, while London took more of a collaborative approach. Implications for policy-makers are discussed in the end.     

Mercury concentration in hair samples from Chinese people in coastal cities

This investigation was made to estimate current normal concentrations of total mercury in the hair of Chinese coastal people. Hair samples were collected from 659 healthy inhabitants in the areas along the coast and the rivers (such as Shanghai, Ningbo, Dalian, Xiamen, and Zhoushan) of China from Feb. 2005 to June 2006. Total mercury concentrations in the samples were analyzed by the cold vapor atomic adsorption spectrometry method (CVAAS). The results showed the geometric mean concentration of total mercur...     

2008-2016年臭氧监测试点城市的臭氧污染特征

选取臭氧试点城市北京、沈阳、上海和重庆，通过对2008-2016年臭氧监测数据进行分析研究，可以看出4个试点城市中北京的臭氧污染最严重。4个城市的臭氧污染特征均为高浓度臭氧所占比例较大，高值比较高，低浓度臭氧所占比例较小。北京、沈阳和上海的年平均臭氧浓度总体呈上升趋势。北京、上海、重庆、沈阳4个城市9年的超标天数比例分别为15.9%、7.7%、3.9%、6.5%。上海的臭氧浓度在秋季非常高。2012年的臭氧变化趋势比较异常，可能是由于2012年发生的不寻常气候条件导致。4个城市的臭氧浓度变化和气象条件的变化显著相关。     

Measuring Urban Water Conservation Policies: Toward a Comprehensive Index

This article (1) discusses existing efforts to measure water conservation policies (WCPs) in the United States (U.S.); (2) suggests general methodological guidelines for creating robust water conservation indices (WCIs); (3) presents a comprehensive template for coding WCPs; (4) introduces a summary index, the Vanderbilt Water Conservation Index (VWCI), which is derived from 79 WCP observations for 197 cities for the year 2015; and (5) compares the VWCI to WCP data extracted from the 2010 American Water Works Association (AWWA) Water and Wastewater Rates survey. Existing approaches to measuring urban WCPs in U.S. cities are limited because they consider only a portion of WCPs or they are restricted geographically. The VWCI consists of a more comprehensive set of 79 observations classified as residential, commercial/industrial, billing structure, drought plan, or general. Our comparison of the VWCI and AWWA survey responses indicate reasonable agreement (ρ = 0.76) between the two WCIs for 98 cities where the data overlap. The correlation suggests the AWWA survey responses can provide fairly robust longitudinal WCP information, but we argue the measurement of WCPs is still in its infancy, and our approach suggests strategies for improving existing methods.     

新型热电厂烟气脱硫剂的制备及中试试验

采用乙醇胺、乳酸及乙醇合成了乙醇胺乳酸盐,并将其与水复配制得含水量为15%的乙醇胺乳酸盐离子液体脱硫剂(ELIL脱硫剂),探讨了中试脱硫试验过程中脱硫剂的SO_2吸收性能及重复使用性能。试验结果表明:在长达72 h的吸收过程中,该脱硫剂的硫容(以SO_2计)与吸收时间呈一次函数关系;在硫容达到3.0%左右时,ELIL脱硫剂的黏度达到最大值;以w(SO_2)为0.69%的模拟烟道气连续中试运转72 h,尾气中的SO_2质量浓度远小于50 mg/cm~3,达到GB 13271—2014《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的要求;使用5次后,ELIL脱硫剂的饱和硫容基本稳定在4.6%,重复使用性良好;随着重复使用次数的增加,SO_4~(2-)积累量逐次增加,可通过加入Ca(OH)_2除去SO_4~(2-),提高ELIL脱硫剂的脱硫性能。     

基于ANP和SPA的民航飞行员安全能力评价

飞行员安全能力是飞行员排班、机组搭配、掌握飞行员安全状态的重要依据,为客观、准确地对飞行员安全能力进行评价,对安全管理能力内涵进行了界定,找到了评价飞行员安全能力的4个二级指标,共17个三级指标。后来用网络层次分析法(ANP)对各影响因素的影响力进行排序,确定了指标的综合权重。综合考虑飞行员安全能力各影响因素之间的不确定性、模糊性,采用集对分析方法(SPA)进行评价。最后将集对分析法和网络层次分析结合构建的评价模型运用于某航空公司飞行员安全能力评价,结果与实际情况基本一致,说明了该方法的有效性。     

低温条件下摇动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水的中试研究

采用摇动床生物膜反应器,在中国北方冬春季5～10℃的低温条件下,以城市生活污水处理厂的二级处理出水为水源进行了工作体积4.8 m3的反应器深度处理的中试研究。中试过程以COD、NH4+-N和浊度的去除率为考察指标。实验结果表明:反应器对生活污水深度处理的合适的工艺参数为进水温度10℃,停留时间(HRT)4.8 h,气水比4∶1,曝气量4 m3/h,水流量1.0 m3/h,采用每间隔4 h曝气4 h的间歇式曝气方式;在低温条件下,对污水的COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别为30%和50%,而对浊度的去除率较低。中试表明,摇动床生物膜反应器可应用于中国北方冬春季低温条件下对水中COD和NH4+-N的去除。     

Trends in vehicular emissions in China's mega cities from 1995 to 2005

Multiyear inventories of vehicular emissions in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou from 1995 through 2005 have been developed in this paper to study the vehicle emissions trends in China's mega cities during the past decade. The results show that the vehicular emissions of CO, HC, NO_x and PM₁₀ have begun to slow their growth rates and perhaps even to decline in recent years due to the implementation of measures to control vehicular emissions in these cities. However, vehicular CO₂ emissions have substantially increased and still continue to grow due to little fuel economy improvement. Passenger cars and large vehicles (including heavy duty trucks and buses) are the major sources of vehicular CO₂ and CO emissions while large vehicles were responsible for nearly 70% and 80% of the vehicular NO_x and PM₁₀ emissions in these mega cities. Motorcycles are also important contributors to vehicular emissions in Guangzhou and Shanghai.