Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

在线固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法测定污水厂尾水中6种酸性药物

建立了大体积在线固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱（Online-SPE-LC-MS）检测污水厂尾水中6种酸性药物的方法。10 mL水样采用0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后经自动进样器直接在线上样,经Atlantis T3柱（100 mm×4.6 mm×3 μm）富集,Atlantis T3柱（100 mm×2.1 mm×2.6 μm）色谱分离,ESI-/ESI+源同步切换扫描,多反应监测（MRM）模式对布洛芬、酮洛芬、双氯芬酸钠、吲哚美辛、苯扎贝特、卡马西平进行同时定量分析。基于外标法和标准加入法进行分析以消除基质效应。结果显示,6种酸性药物在0.1~200 ng/L范围内线性相关性较好（r≥0.996 4）,检出限（LOD）为0.01~0.16 ng/L,定量限（LOQ）为0.02~0.52 ng/L,加标回收率为94.3%~102%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.49%~10.1%。该法采用10 mL大体积进样,前处理简单、快速且重现性好,可有效实现污水厂尾水中6种酸性药物的定量分析。     

基于傅里叶红外光谱法测定燃煤电厂烟气中SO3与H2SO4

基于傅里叶红外光谱法（FTIR）监测燃煤电厂烟气处理流程中的SO3与H2SO4。结果表明,布袋除尘进口、出口和烟囱出口的SO3与H2SO4之和（SO3+H2SO4）分别为（2933±230）mg/m3、（2515±163）mg/m3和（1213±126）mg/m3;〖JP〗布袋除尘与湿法脱硫对SO3+H2SO4的去除率分别为1411%与4838%;控制冷凝法（国标法）测得布袋除尘出口SO3+H2SO4为2341 mg/m3,与FTIR测定结果基本一致。     

电脱盐废水处理技术现状

近几年,随着原料油的劣质化、重质化、乳化严重,造成电脱盐装置在运行过程中乳化困难,从而导致原油电脱盐脱水合格率低。文章介绍了石油炼制企业电脱盐废水的概况和水质特点,针对原油性质恶化、原油预沉降处理时间不够和石油炼制工艺差异三个因素,分析了其对电脱盐废水的盐含量、金属离子含量、酸值、胶质沥青质含量、乳化程度等水质水量特征的影响。介绍了目前电脱盐废水处理技术的进展,结合几个典型炼化企业电脱盐废水处理工艺应用现状,展望了电脱盐废水处理技术的发展趋势。     

膜吸收法脱除电厂模拟烟气中的CO2

以氨基乙酸钾、一乙醇胺和甲基二乙醇胺水溶液为吸收液,研究了聚丙烯膜接触器分离模拟烟气中CO₂的技术.分析了气液流速、吸收剂浓度、烟气CO₂浓度和吸收液CO₂负荷等对传质速率和脱除率的影响.结果表明:1mol·L^-1MEA在流速0.1m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,CO₂传质速率高达7.1mol·(m²·s)^-1;1mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在流速0.05m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,脱除率为93.2%;4mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在同样条件下脱除率达98%;而且在试验的较广烟气CO₂浓度范围内,氨基乙酸钾CO₂脱除率保持在90%以上.试验证明膜吸收法既适合目前最为普遍的PF和NGCC烟道气脱除CO₂,也是一种应用广泛、有良好发展前景的CO₂分离法.     

污水处理厂恶臭污染物的工程治理

介绍了某纺织公司水质净化中心厂区恶臭污染物的治理方案。恶臭气体主要是H2S,质量浓度达6．0mg/m^3。将臭气引至除臭塔,塔内设嚣填料。挣化后的气体达到了GB1455-93中的二级标准0．06mg／m^3。     

Impacts of advanced treatment processes on elimination of antibiotic resistance genes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The distributions of ARGs were monitored in a WWTP in Harbin during six months. CASS had the best removal efficacy of ARGs compared to other processes in the WWTP. UV disinfection could effectively control the HGT. AGAC significantly remove ARGs and organics due to its high absorption capacity. Combination of ozone and AGAC significantly improve removal of ARGs and organics. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose a serious threat to public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are essential for controlling the release of ARGs into the environment. This study investigated ARG distribution at every step in the treatment process of a municipal WWTP located in Harbin for six consecutive months. Changes in ARG distribution involved in two advanced secondary effluent treatment processes, ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, were analyzed. Biological treatment resulted in the highest ARG removal (0.76–1.94 log reduction), followed by ultraviolet (UV) disinfection (less than 0.5-log reduction). Primary treatment could not significantly remove ARGs. ARG removal efficiency increased with an increase in the ozone dose below 40 mg/L. However, amorphous GAC (AGAC) adsorption with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h showed better removal of ARGs, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) than ozonation at a 60 mg/L dose. UV treatment could efficiently reduce the relative ARG abundance, despite presenting the lowest efficiency for the reduction of absolute ARG abundance compared with GAC and ozone treatments. The combination of ozone and AGAC can significantly improve the removal of ARGs, TOC, TN and TP. These results indicate that a treatment including biological processing, ozonation, and AGAC adsorption is a promising strategy for removing ARGs and refractory organic substances from sewage.     

新疆博格达山北坡表土花粉散布特征

基于博格达山北坡68个表土样品花粉组合特征,对比植物群落样方调查结果,借助聚类分析、主成分分析方法,探讨了表土花粉组合与现代植被分布的关系。研究表明,(1)博格达山北坡表土花粉可划归5个不同植被带,湿度是影响其分布的主要因素,藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、蒿属(Artemisia)、云杉属(Picea)花粉分布受气流影响显著,忽略它们对其他植被带花粉组合的干扰,表土花粉与现代植被分布对应良好。各植被带均有其特有的花粉组合方式,山地荒漠带藜科-蒿属组合占绝对优势,山地草原带演替为蒿属-藜科-禾本科(Poaceae)-蔷薇科(Rosaceae)组合,山地森林带以云杉属-桦木属(Betula)-蒿属-藜科-禾本科为主,高山草甸带以蒿属-云杉属-藜科-莎草科(Cyperaceae)组合为特征,高山垫状植被带表现为蒿属-藜科-蔷薇科-云杉属组合。(2)草本植物花粉含量(62.7%)优势明显,乔、灌木(37.3%)次之。蒿属(23.1%)、藜科(21.5%)、云杉属(18.1%)、莎草科(9.4%)、禾本科(8.6%)、桦木属(5.7%)、蔷薇科(5.3%)等科(属)含量高、变幅大,为最主要的花粉类型,可作为古气候研究的重要依据,藜科、蒿属产量大、易传播,表现出超代表性,云杉属代表性较好,莎草科则受自身结构及保存条件等多重因素影响呈低代表性。(3)蒿属/藜科(A/C)比值不仅能将山地荒漠带、山地草原带区分开,还能指示研究区域湿度变化,古环境重建时可作为区域有效湿度的代用指标。     

Composition,dispersion, and health risks of bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants: A review

• Bioaerosols are produced in the process of wastewater biological treatment. • The concentration of bioaerosol indoor is higher than outdoor. • Bioaerosols contain large amounts of potentially pathogenic biomass and chemicals. • Inhalation is the main route of exposure of bioaerosol. • Both the workers and the surrounding residents will be affected by the bioaerosol. Bioaerosols are defined as airborne particles (0.05–100 mm in size) of biological origin. They are considered potentially harmful to human health as they can contain pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review summarizes the most recent research on the health risks of bioaerosols emitted from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in order to improve the control of such bioaerosols. The concentration and size distribution of WWTP bioaerosols; their major emission sources, composition, and health risks; and considerations for future research are discussed. The major themes and findings in the literature are as follows: the major emission sources of WWTP bioaerosols include screen rooms, sludge-dewatering rooms, and aeration tanks; the bioaerosol concentrations in screen and sludge-dewatering rooms are higher than those outdoors. WWTP bioaerosols contain a variety of potentially pathogenic bacteria, fungi, antibiotic resistance genes, viruses, endotoxins, and toxic metal(loid)s. These potentially pathogenic substances spread with the bioaerosols, thereby posing health risks to workers and residents in and around the WWTP. Inhalation has been identified as the main exposure route, and children are at a higher risk of this than adults. Future studies should identify emerging contaminants, establish health risk assessments, and develop prevention and control systems.     

面向人体暴露评价的植物中抗生素分析进展

抗生素通过动物粪便或生物固体的施用、再生水灌溉进入农业土壤后可以被蔬菜和粮食作物吸收,从而造成人体的被动暴露。为了评估抗生素对人体暴露的健康风险,需要基于植物样品,发展灵敏、稳定且针对性强的分析方法。本文综述了植物样品中抗生素残留分析的研究进展,重点介绍了样品提取、净化等前处理方法及其仪器分析方法,并对植物样品中抗生素分析的研究方向进行了展望。