以pH和ORP作为脉冲SBR工艺的实时控制参数

为了实现脉冲SBR深度脱氮的实时控制，以某污水处理厂市政污水为处理对象，考察了脉冲SBR在深度脱氮过程中pH及ORP的变化规律。试验结果表明，pH及ORP的变化规律与脉冲SBR有机物去除、硝化与反硝化过程存在较好的相关关系。可以根据pH和ORP变化曲线上的特征点对脉冲SBR进行实时控制。并考察了污水C／N（COD／NH4^＋-N）对pH及ORP的变化规律的影响。在硝化过程中，C／N对pH及ORP曲线变化点的出现没有影响；在反硝化过程中，应结合pH值“硝酸盐峰”和ORP“硝酸盐膝”来判断低C／N污水反硝化的终点。在该试验中，出水TN低于2mg／L，TN去除率可达到96％以上。     

抗生素抗性基因在两级废水处理系统中的分布和去除

废水处理系统被认为是水环境中抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的重要污染源.为探究ARGs在废水处理系统中的分布特征和去除情况,选取某精细化工园区内的制药废水处理系统和园区综合性废水处理系统,使用PCR和实时荧光定量PCR对不同处理单元中ARGs的存在情况和丰度变化进行研究.在两个系统进水中分别检出了10种和15种ARGs,其中以四环素类和磺胺类ARGs居多,并首次检出了dfrA13基因.进水中sulⅠ和sulⅡ基因的丰度最高,随后依次是dfrA13、tetQ、floR、tetO和tetW基因.制药废水处理系统使总ARGs浓度上升了0.21个数量级,出水汇入园区综合性废水处理系统再次处理,其对综合性废水处理系统进水中总ARGs的贡献率为5.05%.综合性废水处理系统使总ARGs浓度下降了1.03个数量级,残留ARGs同最终出水一起直接排海,对近海环境中微生物群落的潜在影响有待深入研究.     

基于实时控制的智能控制在废水处理中的应用

针对废水处理系统具有时变性、非线性、复杂性和不确定性等特点,提出采用智能控制对其进行实时有效控制从而提高处理效率、降低能耗,对智能控制的主要分支模糊控制、神经网络控制和专家系统进行讨论,介绍总结了国内外专家学者应用智能控制技术实现水处理中实时控制的最新动态。结果表明,废水处理系统采用智能控制可以有效地实现实时控制,提高处理效率、降低能耗和成本。     

Do land utilization patterns a ect methanotrophic communities in a Chinese upland red soil?

Soil samples were collected from three plots under di erent land utilization patterns including degradation, farming, and restoration. The abundances of methanotrophs were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the pmoA and 16S rRNA genes, and the community fingerprint was analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) aiming at pmoA gene. Significantly lower 16S rRNA and pmoA genes copies were found in the degradation treatment than in farming and restoration. Higher abundances of Type I than those of Type II methanotrophs were detected in all treatments. The treatment of farming was clearly separated from degradation and restoration according to the DGGE profile by cluster analysis. The lowest diversity indices were observed in the F (farming plot), suggesting that the community structure was strongly a ected by farming activities. There were significantly positive correlations between the copy numbers of pmoA also Type II-related 16S rRNA genes and soil available K content. Strong negative and positive correlations were found between Type I and soil pH, and available P content, respectively. We concluded that the vegetation cover or not, soil characteristics including pH and nutrients of P and K as a result of anthropogenic disturbance may be key factors a ecting methanotrophic communities in upland soil.     

Real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR method for determination of fluoranthene in water samples with a molecular beacon

A reliable and sensitive competitive real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR (RTFQ-IPCR) assay using a molecular beacon was developed for the determination of trace fluoranthene (FL) in the environment. Under optimized assay conditions, FL can be determined in the concentration range from 1 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL, with y = 0.194x + 7.859, and a correlation coe cient of 0.967 was identified, with a detection limit of 0.6 fg/mL. Environmental water samples were successfully analyzed, recovery was between 90% and 116%, with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.7%–12.8% and inter-day RSD of 8.4%–15.2%. The results obtained from RTFQ-IPCR were confirmed by ELISA, showing good accuracy and suitability to analyze FL in field samples. As a highly sensitive method, the molecular beacon-based RTFQ-IPCR is acceptable and promising for providing reliable test results to make environmental decisions.     

交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮Ⅰ.方法实现与控制

采用实时控制策略和曝气 搅拌交替运行方式在 ( 2 6± 1 )℃下开发了一种新型短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺 :实时控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺 .并对其与实时控制传统SBR法短程硝化反硝化脱氮和预先设定时间控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺进行了比较研究 .结果显示 ,实时控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺无论从硝化速率、反硝化速率还是从硝化时间、反硝化时间上均优于实时控制传统SBR法短程硝化反硝化脱氮和预先设定时间控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮两种工艺 .其硝化速率和反硝化速率分别是预先设定时间控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化工艺的 1 3 8倍和 1 2 5倍 ,是实时控制传统SBR法短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺的 1 82倍和 1 6 1倍 .因此 ,实时控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺不但能够合理分配曝气和搅拌时间 ,而且还能提高硝化、反硝化速率 ,缩短反应时间 ,从而达到降低运行成本的目的     

天津沿岸海水中创伤弧菌的PCR检测和定量

采用普通PCR方法和SYBR Green实时定量PCR方法,根据创伤弧菌16S rDNA和23S rDNA基因间隔序列(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)设计引物,对渤海湾天津沿岸海水中的创伤弧菌进行了定性和定量检测.8个样品采集自天津市汉沽区沿岸海水,采集时间分别为2008年7月、10月和2009年3月、5月.PCR检测结果表明,这些样品都能扩增出276 bp的ITS序列,这些序列和GenBank上的同源序列(DQ462478)的相似性为96%～98%.用SYBR Green实时定量PCR方法测定了8个海水样品,样品中创伤弧菌的浓度为7.12×10~3～8.40×10~5 个/L,表明天津沿岸海水存在严重的创伤弧菌污染.     

危险品罐区突发性泄漏事故实时环境风险模拟分析

分析了危险品罐区突发性泄漏事故的动态发展过程,并给出了具体的数学描述.将危险物质的最高允许浓度(MAC)、阈限值(TLV)、最小致死浓度(LCL0)以及美国环保局(EPA)工业环境实验室建立的针对生态系统的周围多介质环境目标值AMEGAE引入到环境风险分析中,建立了针对人和生态系统的环境危害程度分级标准.采用基于数学模型的模拟方法,结合苯储罐突发性泄漏事故,对苯泄漏速率、泄漏后在地表形成的液池的池半径和苯的蒸发速率进行了实时描述.采用改进后的重气扩散模型———箱模型(BoxModel)以及将连续泄漏看作连续的瞬时泄漏,模拟计算了地面附近苯蒸气浓度随时间和空间的分布,并根据文中建立的环境危害程度分级标准,对苯泄漏事故造成的实时动态环境危害进行了分析.     

地下储库掘进爆破地表震动角度效应分析

为确定地下工程爆破掘进对地表建筑震动影响,采用TC-4850型爆破测振仪对地表周围建筑物进行实时监测。通过对振动速度监测数据与爆源距以及装药量之间的关系进行分析,研究地表振动特性及变化规律。研究结果表明:掌子面掘进前方地表振速监测数据进行拟合,相关性较好,而掘进后方则相关性较差;爆源距与掌子面在水平面投影夹角越小,监测数据相关性较强,而该夹角越大监测数据相关性较差;在掌子面后方,爆源距在水平面投影越是接近于垂直掌子面,地表振速越高,具有放大效应。