Spectroscopic Distribution of Dissolved Organic Matter in a Dam Reservoir Impacted by Turbid Storm Runoff

Spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a large dam reservoir were determined using ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate spatial distribution of DOM composition after turbid storm runoff. Water samples were collected along a longitudinal axis of the reservoir at three to four depths after a severe storm runoff. Vertical profiles of turbidity data showed that a turbid water layer was located at a middle depth of the entire reservoir. The spectroscopic characteristics of DOM samples in the turbid water layer were similar to those of terrestrial DOM, as demonstrated by the higher specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and the lower fluorescence emission intensity ratio (F ₄₅₀/F ₅₀₀) compared to other surrounding DOM samples in the reservoir. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that higher content of humic-like DOM composition was contained in the turbid water. Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) showed that lower content of protein-like aromatic amino acids was present in the turbid water DOM. The highest protein-like fluorescence was typically observed at a bottom layer of each sampling location. The bottom water DOM exhibited extremely high protein-like florescence near the dam site. The particular observation was attributed to the low water temperature and the isolation of the local bottom water due to the upper location of the withdrawal outlet near the dam. Our results suggest that the distribution of DOM composition in a dam reservoir is strongly influenced by the outflow operation, such as selective withdrawal, as well as terrestrial-origin DOM inputs from storm runoff.     

我国Natech事件分布规律及涉水Natech事件致因分析

为弥补我国自然—技术事件(Natech事件)案例研究空白,基于多种数据挖掘方法对近20 a公开报道的自然灾害诱发的技术事故案例进行收集整理,建立了Natech事件数据库.对该类事件时空分布、行业分布进行交叉分析后发现:Natech事件季节特征明显,暴雨和大风是主要肇因,建筑业和交通运输业脆弱性较强.在引入不利气象情景对...     

雨雪冰冻灾害后粤北森林各林型凋落物动态

为了考察中国亚热带不同森林类型对雨雪冰冻灾害的响应模式,以粤北天井山3种代表性的林型—针叶林、阔叶林和混交林为对象,于不同森林类型中比较受损森林与未受损森林在凋落物年产量、成分及月际动态方面的差异,从而在凋落物水平上反映不同森林类型在雨雪冰冻灾害后的早期恢复力。研究结果表明,灾后针叶林、阔叶林和混交林的年凋落量分别为0.52、3.21、1.37 t.hm-2,比未受损的同种森林类型年凋落量显著减少,减少程度分别为87.89%、53.46%、76.78%。由此可以看出阔叶林的植被恢复情况最好,说明在凋落物水平上,其灾后恢复的早期阶段恢复力最强。在凋落物成分方面,灾后各森林类型叶凋落物所占比例显著增加,枝凋落物所占比例则显著减少。受损针叶林和阔叶林的凋落物月动态与未受损森林基本一致,但其波动幅度较小;在混交林中,受损和未受损森林其凋落量的季节动态模式则表现出不一致性且为不规则型。根据研究结果,建议在亚热带地区优先考虑种植阔叶林以促进受损森林在类似雨雪冰冻灾害的极端天气后的恢复。     

Media Storms and Policy Expertise: How Environmental Beat Journalists Gained Influence During a Shale Gas Controversy

This article examines the conditions under which environmental beat journalists can gain credibility as expert informants. It shows that media storms foster a particular dynamic that can add to this credibility. Comparing a media storm over shale gas development in Quebec with regular coverage of the same issue in British Columbia, this article shows that the coverage space given to environmental beat journalists during a media storm can render their alliance with protest groups mutually beneficial. Beat journalists can benefit from the willingness of these groups to participate in their stories, while the groups benefit from increased visibility. Beat journalists also benefit by being perceived as expert informants in policy networks, a role that they use to encourage policy-makers to take the concerns of protest groups seriously. This dynamic also increases the negativity of the news coverage. The article makes a contribution to knowledge on the role of environmental journalists in policy-making processes.     

西江流域中部的洪涝特征及防洪减灾对策

对广西西江流域中部的洪涝特征进行了较全面的论述,并对西江流域防洪减灾提出了有效的对策。     

黄河口孤东油田灾害环境评价

孤东油田系新开发的油田工程之一。 位于黄河入海口的滨海地带,自然环境复杂。其中,风暴潮、黄泛和河口蚀退等不利的灾害因素,对油田安全生产的威胁比较突出。在掌握这些灾害因素时空分布规律及其影响程度的基础上,相应地提出了加固油田堤防工程、河口海岸工程等环境保护对策的意见。     

雨水管道沉积物沉淀特性及主要污染物含量分布

为研究雨水管道沉积物的沉淀特性和污染物含量特征,在武汉市对建筑(包括住宅小区)、道路和绿地3种用地类型的雨水管道沉积物进行采样和分析.沉速测试结果表明,高沉速颗粒在沉积物中所占比例较大,建筑和道路中沉积物的沉速分布相对稳定,建筑、道路和绿地中沉速大于3.00 cm·s-1的颗粒占比依次递减.粒径分析结果显示,沉积物粒径分布范围较广,大多集中在13~628μm范围内,且同种用地类型沉积物粒径分布差别很大.按沉降速度将每份沉积物样品分为7组,分析化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量与沉降速度之间的联系.结果表明,沉速大于3.00 cm·s-1和小于0.025cm·s-1的沉积物中污染物含量较低,但高沉速沉积物中污染物总量较多.对沉积物样品整体而言,各用地类型COD含量从高到低依次为:绿地道路建筑;道路雨水管道沉积物中氮含量较低,其余两种用地中含量接近;建筑区雨水管道沉积物中磷含量较高,其余两种用地中含量接近;COD∶TN在(51~89)∶1之间,COD∶TP的值在(102~186)∶1之间.     

沙尘对直升机挂架影响的分析及试验验证方法

介绍了直升机寿命周期中遇到的沙尘环境类型和沙尘破坏机理以及影响沙尘作用的主要因素。系统地分析了沙尘对挂架的影响以及在挂架设计中的抗沙尘设计和实际使用过程中的控制和防护,最后给出了实验室沙尘环境模拟试验方法。     

SWMM模型在城市不透水区地表径流模拟中的参数识别与验证

为了研究城市不透水下垫面的降雨径流过程和污染负荷,以屋面为例,选择径流管理模型SWMM,采用独立场次实测数据,应用基于不确定性分析的HSY算法和Monte Carlo采样方法对模型中的水文水力和水质参数进行识别和验证.结果表明,地表不透水区径流模型中主要包含6个关键参数,分别为不透水区初损填洼深度(S-imperv)、不透水区曼宁系数(N-imperv),指数累积方程中的最大可能累积值(max buildup)、累积常数(rate constant),指数冲刷方程中的冲刷系数(coefficient)和冲刷指数 (exponent).水文水力参数的识别可以最小二乘法偏差作为目标函数,水质参数的识别可以场次污染负荷和污染物峰值浓度作为目标函数.参数识别结果为N-imperv0.012～0.025, S-imperv 0～0.7, max buildup 15～30, rate constant0.2～0.8, coefficient0.01～ 0.05, exponent1.0～1.2.参数的区域灵敏度由大到小排序为 coefficient、S-imperv、N-imperv、max buildup、exponent、rate constant.识别后的参数可以通过模型验证,但是在模拟一些雨型特殊的降雨径流污染物浓度曲线时,仍然存在一定的困难.     

太湖山地强降雨事件中不同水体的氮磷负荷分析

夏季暴雨洪水是太湖山区氮磷营养盐流失的主要载体,对强降雨事件中的不同水体农业养分负荷的观测和分析,将有助于更准确地评估农业非点源污染。在台风“麦莎”期间,选择典型山区流域对台风降雨径流过程进行观测。结果表明太湖山地短时强降水事件中,地下径流约占总径流的51％,而对无机氮径流负荷的贡献在80％以上;可溶性总磷在河道径流中的浓度低于在地下水和地表径流中的浓度,显示可溶性磷在汇流过程中被截留,说明可溶性磷的迁移具有流域尺度的迟滞特征。